{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:35:15Z","timestamp":1789176915875,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disord Clin Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a historic underrepresentation of non\u2010White participants in Parkinson's Disease (PD) research, although this has not been explored in trials for potential disease\u2010modifying therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the representation of racial\/ethnic minority patients enrolled in double\u2010blind, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled clinical trials (DBRCTs) for PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of four electronic databases was performed. DBRCTs evaluating pharmacological therapies for disease modification in PD were included. Data extraction followed PRISMA guidelines. We computed demographic data with pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 37 DBRCTs and 11,022 patients, 19 studies (51.4%) reported race\/ethnicity, being 1.4% Asian, 0.19% Black, and 0.17% Hispanic. Pooled prevalence of participants identified as White in clinical trials was 98% (CI 0.97\u20130.99,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial and ethnic minorities were disproportionately underrepresented in DBRCTs for potential disease\u2010modifying therapies for PD. Additional efforts are required to increase the racial and ethnic representation in such studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T12:24:46Z","timestamp":1767097486000},"page":"1295-1300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Clinical Trials for Disease Modifying Drugs in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review &amp; Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2224-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farley Reis","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Vicosa  Vi\u00e7osa Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bolner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovana Barros e Silva","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Koppanatham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andhra Medical College  Visakhapatnam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul Vin\u00edcius","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"Fearon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur F.","family":"Schumacher Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6875-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"Bayram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3512-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Blas M.","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Translational Institute of Neurosciences  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwiza","family":"Ushe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1356-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Di Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; 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