{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:27:04Z","timestamp":1792661224004,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,4]],"date-time":"2002-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1023148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although botulinum toxin A (BTX) has been licensed in Canada for treatment of various movement disorders since 1990, few clinical studies regarding its long\u2010term efficacy and side effects have been reported. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 235 patients who received BTX from our movement disorders clinic over a 10\u2010year period (January 1990 to December 1999). A total of 2,616 treatment cycles (multiple injections) were administered to 235 patients with cervical dystonia (CD), hemifacial spasm (HS), blepharospasm (BP), and other movement disorders. Substantial benefit at 5 years was seen in most patients (90% in BP, 88% in HS, 63% in CD, 100% in jaw closing and lower limb dystonia, and 56% in writer's cramp). Benefit was maintained for up to 10 years in CD, HS, and BP data, with a 75.8% benefit reported. Twenty\u2010eight percent of patients discontinued treatment during the follow\u2010up period due to a variety of reasons. Of these, 9.1% of patients developed primary resistance, and 7.5% of patients secondary resistance. Adverse effects, mostly minor, developed in 27% of patients at any one time, occurring over 4.5% of treatment cycles. These were most frequently reported in blepharospasm (22 of 36 patients in 40 cycles), followed by hemifacial spasm (21 of 70 patients in 46 cycles), and cervical dystonia (17 of 106 in 28 cycles). Only 1.3% of patients discontinued therapy due intolerable adverse effects. The results show that BTX is a safe and effective treatment of various types of movement disorders, and most side effects are well tolerated. Discontinuation for any reason was also low after 5 years. Efficacy was maintained after long periods of treatment with high degree of patient satisfaction. \u00a9 2002 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,4]],"date-time":"2002-12-04T09:20:29Z","timestamp":1038993629000},"page":"1288-1293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Long\u2010term efficacy of botulinum toxin A in treatment of various movement disorders over a 10\u2010year period"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"G\u2010Y.R.","family":"Hsiung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.K.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ranawaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.\u2010L.","family":"Lafontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Suchowersky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"734","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection of eye muscles to correct strabismus","volume":"79","author":"Scott AB","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92070-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241707"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)32977-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1990.tb01933.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.8.640"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.8.1213"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.12.737"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm with botulinum A toxin: a Canadian multicentre study","volume":"26","author":"Taylor JDN","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.4.834"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880180708"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30757-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.12.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(96)00025-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of botulinum toxin A in treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm","volume":"62","author":"Chang LB","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.6.751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100023830"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"371","article-title":"Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients","volume":"16","author":"Jankovic J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1740::AID-MUS17>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","first-page":"403","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for neurological disorders in a movement disorders clinic in Singapore","volume":"39","author":"Tan A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(91)90087-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090216"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","first-page":"371","article-title":"Which patients discontinue treatment with botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia? [abstract]","volume":"10","author":"Erbguth F","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<150::AID-MDS1024>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.11.2109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1431"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.10252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.10252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:24:20Z","timestamp":1760970260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.10252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.10252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10252","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,4]]}}}