{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:28:39Z","timestamp":1791088119943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,17]],"date-time":"2006-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1142553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze, Florence, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The neural mechanisms underlying unintended mirror movements (MMs) of one hand during unimanual movements of the other hand in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are largely unexplored. Here we used surface electromyographic (EMG) analysis and focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the pathophysiological substrate of MMs in four PD patients. Surface EMG was recorded from both abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles. Cross\u2010correlation EMG analysis revealed no common motor drive to the two APBs during intended unimanual tasks. Focal TMS of either primary motor cortex (M1) elicited normal motor\u2010evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral APB, whereas MEPs were not seen in the ipsilateral hand. During either mirror or voluntary APB contraction, focal TMS of the contralateral M1 produced a long\u2010lasting silent period (SP), whereas stimulation of the ipsilateral M1 produced a short\u2010lasting SP. During either mirror or voluntary finger tapping, 5 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) of the contralateral M1 disrupted EMG activity in the target FDI, whereas the effects of rTMS of the ipsilateral M1 were by far slighter. During either mirror or voluntary APB contraction, paired\u2010pulse TMS showed a reduction of short\u2010interval intracortical inhibition in the contralateral M1. These findings provide converging evidence that, in PD, MMs do not depend on unmasking of ipsilateral projections but are explained by motor output along the crossed corticospinal projection from the mirror M1. \u00a9 2006 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,17]],"date-time":"2006-03-17T12:17:15Z","timestamp":1142597835000},"page":"1019-1025","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Mechanisms underlying mirror movements in Parkinson's disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cincotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Borgheresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Balestrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Ragazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Vanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Benvenuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Zaccara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639408402651"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.7.586"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00748-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199905)45:5<583::AID-ANA6>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.5.1223"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"S228","article-title":"Clinical 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