{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T07:09:53Z","timestamp":1770016193782,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,21]],"date-time":"2007-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1179705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) spectrum includes psychiatric comorbidities, mainly obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention\u2010deficit\u2010hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The role of environmental factors, e.g., antineuronal antibodies (ANeA), remains unclear. We compared the clinical features of ANeA\u2010positive and ANeA\u2010negative patients in 53 children and 75 adults with GTS. All diagnoses were made according to DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR criteria. A positive ANeA Western immunoblot showed bands for at least 1 of 3 reported striatal antigens (40, 45, and 60 kDa). Twelve children (23%) and 18 adults (25%) with GTS were ANeA\u2010positive. Disease duration, tic phenomenology and severity, frequency of echo\/pali\/coprophenomena, self\u2010injurious and aggressive behavior, or frequency of OCD comorbidity did not significantly differ between ANeA\u2010positive and negative patients. Similar findings were obtained analyzing separately the three different antibody reactivities. A comorbid diagnosis of ADHD was significantly less frequent in GTS patients positive for the anti\u201060 kDa antibody only. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, adjusting for age, gender, and age at disease onset, a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD remained inversely associated with anti\u201060 kDa antibodies (odds ratio = 0.14; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002; 95% confidence interval 0.04\u20130.49). ANeA status does not differentiate a specific phenotype of GTS. \u00a9 2007 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,21]],"date-time":"2007-05-21T18:39:34Z","timestamp":1179772774000},"page":"1424-1429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Antineuronal antibody status and phenotype analysis in Tourette's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Defazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell C.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Giovannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Orth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11526-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70018-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.1.39","article-title":"Antineuronal antibodies in movement disorders","volume":"92","author":"Kiessling LS","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.031880"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00370-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00215-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183223.69946.f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00059-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000137532.76491.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1234-988X(199612)6:4<203::AID-MPR165>3.3.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","first-page":"715","article-title":"Assessment and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults","volume":"168","author":"Weiss M","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00176-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-002-0301-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"701","article-title":"A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. 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