{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:19:54Z","timestamp":1791271194538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]],"date-time":"2007-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1176249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias (LID) are common and difficult to treat. This review focuses on three issues related to LID: clinical features, classification and rating, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, and management. The three primary clinical syndromes are OFF\u2010period dystonia, peak\u2010dose dyskinesia, and diphasic dyskinesia. Several other forms also occur, making the evaluation and choice of treatment complicated. A core component of the pathophysiology of LID is overactivity of the direct striatal output pathway. This pathway provides a direct GABAergic connection by which the striatum inhibits the output regions of the basal ganglia, i.e., the internal globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Altering dopaminergic dosing and timing can abate dyskinesias, but usually impact the control of parkinsonism. Putative therapies to reduce the problem of dyskinesias could focus on the glutamatergic, GABAergic, \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adrenergic, serotonergic (5HT\n                    <jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 5HT\n                    <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), opioid, histamine H\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , adenosine A\n                    <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors, the monoamine transport or cannabinoid CB1 receptors systems. The only currently available drug with an evidence\u2010based recommendation on efficacy for dyskinesia is amantadine. Therapy goals include the prevention of dyskinesia and treatment of dyskinesias that are troublesome clinically. New rating measures to assess severity and disability related to dyskinesia are in the process of development and clinimetric testing. \u00a9 2007 Movement Disorder Society\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]],"date-time":"2007-04-11T16:24:11Z","timestamp":1176308651000},"page":"1379-1389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":398,"title":["Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Fabbrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Brotchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Grandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Nomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","series-title":"Movement disorders","first-page":"96","author":"Marsden CD","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(01)00024-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0340"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.4.601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000117399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.15.1931"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.11.2297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70411-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20458"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"The phenomenology of L\u2010dopa\u2010induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Vidailhet M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Patterns of dystonia (\u201cI\u2010D\u2010I\u201d and \u201cD\u2010I\u2010D\u201d) in response to Ldopa therapy for Parkinson's disease","volume":"52","author":"Muenter MD","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity","volume":"9","author":"Fearnley JM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.303-b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130421"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10017"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","first-page":"S2","article-title":"The spectrum of levodopa induced dyskinesias","volume":"47","author":"Fahn S","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.12.1756"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008928321652"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.2.205"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Rating scales for dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Goetz CG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","volume-title":"ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology","author":"Guy W","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","series-title":"Recent development in Parkinson's disease","first-page":"153","author":"Fahn S","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20248"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(02)00320-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199909)14:5<737::AID-MDS1005>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35086062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20612"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033378"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.8.1589"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","first-page":"1829","article-title":"Serotonin 5\u2010HT1A agonist improves motor complications in rodent and primate parkinsonian models","volume":"200","author":"Bibbiani F","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.8009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Drugs in development for Parkinson's disease: an update","volume":"7","author":"Johnston TH","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10394"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71083-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007736"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0547-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200105000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnf.0000144041.28224.b7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500290007002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20462"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200003000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.036558"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20464"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000110317.52453.6C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000215250.82576.87"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","first-page":"S492","article-title":"A large phase III study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sarizotan in the treatment of L\u2010dopa\u2010induced dyskinesia associated with PD: the paddy\u20101 study","volume":"21","author":"Rascol O","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","first-page":"S591","article-title":"The paddy\u20102 study: the evaluation of sarizotan for treatment\u2010associated dyskinesia in PD patients","volume":"21","author":"M\u00fcller T","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10517"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03556-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199912000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa000827"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060281"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035275"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.21475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.21475","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mds.21475","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.21475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:14:13Z","timestamp":1760951653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.21475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.21475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21475","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]]}}}