{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:46:05Z","timestamp":1790189165151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,20]],"date-time":"2007-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Symptoms in Tourette syndrome (TS) are likely related to abnormalities involving multiple neurotransmitter systems in striatal\u2010thalamo\u2010cortical circuitry. Although prior studies have found abnormal levels of tryptophan, serotonin, and their metabolites in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of TS patients, understanding of <jats:italic>focal<\/jats:italic> brain disturbances and their relationship to clinical phenotype remains poor. We used \u03b1\u2010[<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]methyl\u2010<jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010tryptophan (AMT) positron emission tomography (PET) to assess global and focal brain abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism and their relationship to behavioral phenotype in 26 children with TS and nine controls. Group comparisons on regional cortical and subcortical AMT uptake revealed decreased AMT uptake in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortical and bilaterally increased uptake in the thalamus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) in TS children. The ratio of AMT uptake in subcortical structures to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly increased bilaterally (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) in TS patients also. Behaviorally defined subgroups within the TS sample revealed differences in the pattern of AMT uptake in the fronto\u2010striatal\u2010thalamic circuit. This study demonstrates cortical and subcortical abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in TS and provides neuroimaging evidence for a role of serotonergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of TS. \u00a9 2007 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,20]],"date-time":"2007-08-20T19:51:43Z","timestamp":1187639503000},"page":"2256-2262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Abnormal brain tryptophan metabolism and clinical correlates in Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Behen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry T.","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Juh\u00e1sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Helder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Maqbool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Rothermel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquie","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Muzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","series-title":"Tourette syndrome, Advances in neurology","first-page":"103","author":"Como PG","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1102-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00428-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11526-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0746-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90435-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1380241","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines in obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and healthy controls","volume":"12","author":"Leckman JF","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Postmortem analysis of subcortical monoamines and amino acids in Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Anderson GM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.4.1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145706006559"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"Biological model for the in vivo measurement of rate of serotonin synthesis in the brain","volume":"29","author":"Diksic M","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199801)28:1<33::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199903)45:3<287::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","volume-title":"Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: clinical understanding and treatment","author":"Leckman JF","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","volume-title":"The Behavioral Assessment Scales for Children","author":"Reynolds CR","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199706000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"2011","article-title":"An interactive technique for 3 dimensional image registration: validation for PET, SPECT, MRI and CT brain studies","volume":"35","author":"Pietrzyk U","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","volume-title":"Statistical principles in experimental design","author":"Winer BJ","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180957.98702.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199901000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(02)00066-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.1993.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.4.927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00052-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.950"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/74737"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70181-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738020170122001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70318-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(95)02043-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026115607216"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-06-01649.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","first-page":"245","article-title":"Clonidine and clonazepam in Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Goetz CG","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Adv Neurol"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.21712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.21712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:02:20Z","timestamp":1760950940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.21712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.21712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21712","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,20]]}}}