{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:09:04Z","timestamp":1792084144161,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,28]],"date-time":"2007-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The occurrence of cognitive and behavioral symptoms in patients with primary dystonia remains a matter of debate. We compared 45 patients with primary dystonia with 27 control subjects for performance on neuropsychological tasks with a load on executive\u2010Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop test, and visuospatial\u2010Benton's visual retention test (BVRT) and Block assembly test from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale BAT\u2010functions, as well as for intensity of obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms (Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Y\u2010BOCS). Correlation analysis was performed between neuropsychological performance, dystonia characteristics (duration, age of onset) and severity (Unified Dystonia Rating Scale, UDRS), and Y\u2010BOCS. Patients made more perseverative errors on the WCST (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.042) and had a higher mean Y\u2010BOCS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) score than controls. Timed tests (BVRT, BAT, Stroop test) correlated with UDRS. Y\u2010BOCS, WCST, and UDRS scores were not significantly correlated with one another.These results suggest that patients with primary dystonia may have set\u2010shifting deficits and a higher intensity of obsessive compulsive symptoms when compared to healthy subjects. This may reflect a pattern of complex neurophysiological dysfunction involving dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and motor frontostriatal circuits. \u00a9 2007 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,28]],"date-time":"2007-11-28T16:46:30Z","timestamp":1196268390000},"page":"200-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Set\u2010shifting and behavioral dysfunction in primary focal dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Bugalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5_Suppl_5.S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.7.1195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/97.1.793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Psychological studies in dystonia musculorum deformans","volume":"14","author":"Riklan M","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)91848-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Cognition and affect in patients with cervical dystonia with and without tremor","volume":"94","author":"Duane DD","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00878528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000161869.83783.05"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10595"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199102000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700009855"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.4.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.3.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01332-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.2.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09620-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.3.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2003.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Investigation of dystonia","volume":"2","author":"Marsden SD","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","first-page":"431","article-title":"Psychogenic dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Fahn S","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv in Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","volume-title":"Symptom check list\u201090 revised. 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