{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:57:11Z","timestamp":1791161831249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]],"date-time":"2008-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Focal task\u2010specific dystonia of the musicians' hand (FTSDmh) is an occupational movement disorder that affects instrumental musicians and often derails careers. There has been speculation on the role of intense practice or the specific technical demands of various instruments as triggers for the development of FTSDmh. In this study, we review the clinical features of all published cases (899 patients) and 61 previously unpublished cases of FTSDmh. Our primary goals were to search for patterns in the clinical phenotype, and to discern if specific instrumental technical demands might be related to the development of dystonia. Symptoms of FTSDmh began at a mean age 35.7 years (SD = 10.6), with an overwhelming male predominance (M:F = 4.1:1). The right hand was preferentially affected in keyboard and plucked string players (77%), and the left hand in bowed string players (68%). Flexion movements were the most common dystonic movement in each instrument class, and fingers 3, 4, and 5, either in isolation or combination, were most frequently involved. The clinical implications of these findings and their possible relationship to the pathophysiology of focal task\u2010specific dystonia are explored. \u00a9 2008 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]],"date-time":"2008-04-08T18:46:51Z","timestamp":1207680411000},"page":"1398-1406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["The hand that has forgotten its cunning\u2014Lessons from musicians' hand dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Conti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Pullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Frucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1365.441"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1411377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Causes and cures of focal limb\u2010dystonia in musicians","volume":"9","author":"Altenmuller E","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Soc Study Tens Perform"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330380057027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"Focal dystonia in instrumentalists: clinical features","volume":"6","author":"Lederman R","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149768.36634.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.3.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550070055012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.3.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.35094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000075165"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"224","article-title":"Focal hand dystonia in instrumental musicians: a neurosurgically curable disease","volume":"21","author":"Taira T","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.3.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880190403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Review of 113 musicians with focal dystonia seen between 1985 and 2002 at a clinic for performing artists","volume":"94","author":"Brandfonbrener AG","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","first-page":"108","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis cl\u00ednico de la distonia focal en los m\u00fasicos. Revisi\u00f3n de 86 casos","volume":"20","author":"Rosset\u2010Llobet J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2006.1005","article-title":"Slow\u2010down exercise for the treatment of focal hand dystonia in pianists","volume":"21","author":"Sakai N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90007-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000230148.00035.f9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199903)14:2<295::AID-MDS1015>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199811160-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00460-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000158424.01299.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","volume-title":"The hand: how its use shapes the brain, language and human culture","author":"Wilson FR","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400845910"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.21976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.21976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:34:55Z","timestamp":1760970895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.21976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.21976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21976","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]]}}}