{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:04:38Z","timestamp":1791115478411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]],"date-time":"2008-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":252,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mov. Disord."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,13]],"date-time":"2008-09-13T05:03:49Z","timestamp":1221282229000},"page":"S613-S622","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"special_numbering":"supplement S3","title":["Levodopa\/dopamine replacement strategies in Parkinson's disease-Future directions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"C. Warren","family":"Olanow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1090","article-title":"Frequency of levodopa-related dyskinesias and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature","volume":"16","author":"Ahlskog","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB2|cit2","first-page":"2498","article-title":"Parkinson Study Group. Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression of Parkinson disease? The results of the Elldopa study","volume":"351","author":"Fahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.11.2297","article-title":"Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. A community-based study","volume":"123","author":"Schrag","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB4|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.202","article-title":"Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-onset Parkinson's disease","volume":"41","author":"Kostic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.03915.x","article-title":"A modified MPTP treatment regime produces reproducible partial nigrostriatal lesions in common marmosets","volume":"21","author":"Iravani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100733","article-title":"L-dopa induces dyskinesia in normal monkeys: behavioural and pharmacokinetic observations","volume":"156","author":"Pearce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB7|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870010109","article-title":"Preservation of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in a patient receiving levodopa (2kg) plus decarboxylase inhibitor over a four-year period","volume":"1","author":"Quinn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB8|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.7.949","article-title":"Permanent human parkinsonism due to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): seven cases","volume":"35","author":"Ballard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB9|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422004","article-title":"A five year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa","volume":"342","author":"Rascol","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB10|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.15.1931","article-title":"Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease","volume":"284","author":"Parkinson Study Group","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB11|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20988","article-title":"Development of dyskinesias in a 5-year trial of ropinirole and L-dopa","volume":"21","author":"Rascol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB12|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21292","article-title":"CALM-PD Investigators of the Parkinson Study Group. Impact of pramipexole on the onset of levodopa-related dyskinesias","volume":"22","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB13|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.10.005","article-title":"Decreased expression of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia by switching to ropinirole in MPTP-treated common marmosets","volume":"204","author":"Jackson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB14|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70521-X","article-title":"Continuous dopamine receptor stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: scientific rationale and clinical implications","volume":"5","author":"Olanow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB15|cit15","first-page":"167","article-title":"Preventing levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"47","author":"Olanow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB16|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.suppl_5.S1","article-title":"An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease: treatment guidelines","volume":"56","author":"Olanow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB17|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90196-U","article-title":"Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Grace","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB18|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-11-02866.1984","article-title":"The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: single spike firing","volume":"4","author":"Grace","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB19|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.1.1","article-title":"Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons","volume":"80","author":"Schultz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB20|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1103","article-title":"Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission","volume":"6","author":"Floresco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB21|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91318-B","article-title":"Effects of L-DOPA on extracellular dopamine in striatum of normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats","volume":"525","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB22|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02418.x","article-title":"Real-time decoding of dopamine concentrating changes in the caudate-putamen during tonic and phasic firing","volume":"89","author":"Venton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB23|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:26:2-3:245","article-title":"Direct receptor cross-talk can mediate the modulation of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission by dopamine","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB24|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9541","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2891-04.2004","article-title":"Dopamine modulates release from corticostriatal terminals","volume":"24","author":"Bamford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB25|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8443","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08443.2000","article-title":"Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa controls both striatal long-term depression and long-term potentiation, opposing forms of synaptic plasticity","volume":"20","author":"Calabresi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB26|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00294.2002","article-title":"Opposite influences of endogenous dopamine D1 and D2 receptor activation on activity states and electrophysiological properties of striatal neurons: studies combining in vivo intracellular recordings and reverse microdialysis","volume":"22","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB27|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000150591.33787.A4","article-title":"Dendritic degeneration in neostriatal medium spiny neurons in Parkinson disease","volume":"64","author":"Zaja-Milatovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB28|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1632","article-title":"Selective elimination of gluatamatergic synapses on striatopallidal neurons in Parkinson disease models","volume":"9","author":"Day","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB29|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.2.433","article-title":"Electrophysiology of dopamine-denervated striatal neurons; implications for Parkinson's disease","volume":"116","author":"Calabresi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB30|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.6.3575","article-title":"Unilateral dopamine denervation blocks cortico-striatal LTP","volume":"82","author":"Centonze","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB31|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01151-X","article-title":"Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates","volume":"21","author":"Bergman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB32|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.721516.x","article-title":"Role of high-affinity dopamine uptake and impulse activity in the appearance of extracellular dopamine in striatum after administration of exogenous L-DOPA: studies in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats","volume":"72","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB33|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh290","article-title":"Levodopa-induced changes in synaptic dopamine levels increase with progression of Parkinson's disease: implications for dyskinesias","volume":"127","author":"de la Fuente-Fernandez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB34|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90783-3","article-title":"Chronic treatment with L-dopa, but not bromocriptine induces dyskinesia in MPTP-parkinsonian monkeys. Correlation with [3H]spiperone binding","volume":"379","author":"B\u00e9dard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB35|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130207","article-title":"De novo administration of ropinirole and bromocriptine induces less dyskinesia than L-dopa in the MPTP-treated marmoset","volume":"13","author":"Pearce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB36|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24503-7","article-title":"Continuous administration decreases and pulsatile administration increases behavioral sensitivity to a novel dopamine D2 agonist (U-1356A) in MPTP-exposed monkeys","volume":"272","author":"Blanchet","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB37|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.11.013","article-title":"Continuous dopaminergic stimulation reduces risk of motor complications in parkinsonian primates","volume":"192","author":"Bibbiani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB38|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.5.573","article-title":"Continuous subcutaneous waking day apomorphine in the long-term treatment of levodopa induced interdose dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease","volume":"64","author":"Colzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB39|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf214","article-title":"Prospective randomized trial of lisuride infusion versus oral levodopa in PD patients","volume":"125","author":"Stocchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB40|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.6.905","article-title":"Infusion of Levodopa Methyl Ester in Patients with Advanced PD: A Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Study","volume":"62","author":"Stocchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch of Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB41|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410200213","article-title":"Duodenal delivery of levodopa for on-off fluctuations in parkinsonism: preliminary observations","volume":"20","author":"Kurlan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB42|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240116","article-title":"Long-term duodenal infusion of levodopa for motor fluctuations in parkinsonism","volume":"24","author":"Sage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB43|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90285-7","article-title":"Jejunal delivery of levodopa methylester","volume":"8653","author":"Ruggieri","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB44|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130222","article-title":"Ten years' experience with enteral levodopa infusions for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"Syed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB45|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149637.70961.4C","article-title":"Duodenal levodopa infusion monotherapy vs oral polypharmacy in advanced Parkinson disease","volume":"64","author":"Nyholm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB46|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21500","article-title":"Duodenal levodopa infusion for advanced Parkinson's disease: 12-month treatment outcome","volume":"22","author":"Antonini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB47|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201043334579","article-title":"Skin lipid synthesis inhibition: a possible means for enhancing percutaneous delivery of levodopa","volume":"1","author":"Babita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB48|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1021\/mp049926u","article-title":"Transcutaneous delivery of levodopa: enhancement by fatty acid synthesis inhibition","volume":"2","author":"Babita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB49|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(02)00113-6","article-title":"Improved stability and release control of levodopa and metaraminol using ion-exchange fibers and transdermal iontophoresis","volume":"16","author":"Kankkunen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB50|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-100101294","article-title":"Transdermal absorption ofL-dopa from a new system composed of two separate layers ofL-dopa and hydrogel in rats","volume":"26","author":"Iwase","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB51|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)80038-5","article-title":"Fetal nigral transplantation as a therapy for Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Olanow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB52|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504273321702","article-title":"Neuropathologic evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson's disease","volume":"332","author":"Kordower","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB53|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441002","article-title":"Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease","volume":"344","author":"Freed","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB54|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10720","article-title":"A double blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"54","author":"Olanow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB55|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-32823-2_6","volume-title":"Restorative therapies in Parkinson's disease","author":"Olanow","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB56|cit56","article-title":"Parkinson's disease pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson's disease","author":"Kordower","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB57|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.5.1042","article-title":"Transplantation of embryonic porcine mesencephalic tissue in patients with PD","volume":"54","author":"Schumacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB58|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.04.016","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial cell transplantation could provide trophic support in Parkinson's disease: results from an in vitro model system","volume":"201","author":"McKay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB59|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.12.1833","article-title":"Intrastriatal implantation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells attached to microcarriers in advanced Parkinson disease","volume":"62","author":"Stover","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB60|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1064","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders-how to make it work","volume":"10","author":"Lindvall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB61|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022438099","article-title":"Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model","volume":"99","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB62|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21137","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model","volume":"115","author":"Takagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB63|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04960","article-title":"Stem cells for the treatment of neurological disorders","volume":"441","author":"Lindvall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB64|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2174\/156652307780363125","article-title":"Restoration of the striatal dopamine synthesis for Parkinson's disease: viral vector-mediated enzyme replacement strategy","volume":"7","author":"Carlsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB65|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2006.05.005","article-title":"Long-term clinical improvement in MPTP-lesioned primates after gene therapy with AAV-hAADC","volume":"14","author":"Bankiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB66|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/380252a0","article-title":"Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF","volume":"380","author":"Gash","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB67|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nm850","article-title":"Direct brain infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson disease","volume":"9","author":"Gill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB68|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20737","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor infusion in Parkinson disease","volume":"59","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB69|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5492.767","article-title":"Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"290","author":"Kordower","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB70|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/384467a0","article-title":"Neurturin, a relative of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"384","author":"Kotzbauer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB71|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300010","article-title":"Striatal delivery of neurturin by CERE-120, an AAV2 vector for the treatment of dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Gasmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB72|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21032","article-title":"Delivery of neurturin by AAV2 (CERE-120)-mediated gene transfer provides structural and functional neuroprotection and neurorestoration in MPTP-treated monkeys","volume":"60","author":"Kordower","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB73|cit73","article-title":"Gene transfer of a trophic factor for Parkinson's disease: initial clinical trial with AAV2-neurturin (CERE-120)","author":"Marks","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB74|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000117399","article-title":"Comparison of immediate-release and controlled release carbidopa\/levodopa in Parkinson's disease. A multicenter 5-year study. The CR First Study Group","volume":"37","author":"Block","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB75|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.5.913","article-title":"Effect of peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on the pharmacokinetcs and pharmacodynamics of levodopa in parkinsonian patients","volume":"44","author":"Nutt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB76|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1309","article-title":"Entacapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations","volume":"51","author":"Rinne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB77|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.1.81","article-title":"Tolcapone improves motor function and reduces levodopa requirement in patients with Parkinson's disease experiencing motor fluctuations: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Kurth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB78|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.1_suppl_1.S72","article-title":"COMT inhibitors in Parkinson's disease: can they prevent and\/or reverse levodopa-induced motor complications?","volume":"62","author":"Olanow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB79|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20317","article-title":"Multiple small doses of levodopa plus entacapone produces continuous dopaminergic stimulation and reduces dyskinesia induction in MPTP-treated drug na\u00efve primates","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB80|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10394","article-title":"Effect of pulsatile administration of levodopa on dyskinesia induction in drug-naive MPTP-treated common marmosets: effect of dose, frequency of administration, and brain exposure","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB81|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9255-y","article-title":"Novel L-Dopa and dopamine prodrugs containing a 2-phenyl-imidazopyridine moiety","volume":"24","author":"Denora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB82|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860600916636","article-title":"Maleic- and fumaric-diamides of (O,O-diacetyl)-L-Dopa-methylester as anti-Parkinson prodrugs in liposomal formulation","volume":"14","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB83|cit83","first-page":"25","article-title":"Glycosyl derivatives of dopamine and L-dopa as anti-Parkinson prodrugs: synthesis, pharmacological activity and in vitro stability studies","volume":"11","author":"Bonina","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB84|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(01)00140-8","article-title":"Dimeric L-dopa derivatives as potential prodrugs","volume":"11","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB85|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(00)00249-3","article-title":"Synthesis of L-(+)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-pivaloyloxybenzyl)-2,5-diketomorpholine as potential prodrug of L-dopa","volume":"10","author":"Cingolani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB86|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016239321494","article-title":"pGlu-L-Dopa-Pro: a tripeptide prodrug targeting the intestinal peptide transporter for absorption and tissue enzymes for conversion","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB87|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90670-L","article-title":"Rapid reversal of denervation supersensitivity of dopamine D1 receptors by L-dopa or a novel dopamine D1 receptor agonist, A68930","volume":"200","author":"Britton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB88|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90840-E","article-title":"Effects of repeated dopamine D1 receptor stimulation on rotation and c-fos expression","volume":"235","author":"Asin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB89|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120304","article-title":"Motor fluctuations during continous levodopa infusions in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Nutt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB90|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.1.601","article-title":"Subcutaneous lisuride infusion in Parkinson's disease. Response to chronic administration in 34 patients","volume":"114","author":"Vaamonde","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB91|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20243","article-title":"Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current controversies","volume":"19","author":"Olanow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB92|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.13.1653","article-title":"Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa Parkinson disease progression","volume":"287","author":"Parkinson Study Group","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB93|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10609","article-title":"Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: the REAL-PET study","volume":"54","author":"Whone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/mds.22061-BIB94|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20324","article-title":"Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: non-L-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years","volume":"20","author":"Hely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.22061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.22061","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.22061\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T22:50:36Z","timestamp":1738363836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.22061"}},"subtitle":["Levodopa\/Dopamine Replacement Strategies"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22061","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}}}