{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:30:00Z","timestamp":1790865000476,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,29]],"date-time":"2008-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1219968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We applied diffusion\u2010tensor MRI (DT\u2010MRI) to investigate <jats:italic>directly<\/jats:italic> the water diffusivity within subcortical gray matter structures comprising the fronto\u2010striato\u2010thalamic (FST) circuit, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS). We investigated the structural integrity of basal ganglia and thalamus in 23 children with TS and 35 age\u2010matched healthy controls (NC), and examined the association of DT\u2010MRI measures to tic severity and comorbid symptoms. We measured parallel (\u03bb<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and perpendicular (\u03bb<jats:sub>23<\/jats:sub>) diffusivity, mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) in both hemispheres. Compared with NC, the TS group showed a significant increase in \u03bb<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) and <jats:italic>MD<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.027) in the bilateral putamen, an increase in \u03bb<jats:sub>23<\/jats:sub> in right thalamus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.008), and a reversed asymmetry of FA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) in the thalamus. There was a significant positive correlation between \u03bb<jats:sub>23<\/jats:sub> in right thalamus and tic severity. TS patients showed significantly lower left caudate volume (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.011) and bilateral thalamic volumes (left, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.035, right <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006) compared with NC. These findings support the notion that microstructural dysfunction measured by DT\u2010MRI in component regions of the FST circuit contribute to the pathophysiology in TS. \u00a9 2008 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,29]],"date-time":"2008-08-29T11:41:55Z","timestamp":1220010115000},"page":"2349-2356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Microstructural abnormalities of striatum and thalamus in children with Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Malek I.","family":"Makki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Behen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpi","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry T.","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Tourette's syndrome, tics, obsessions, compulsions: developmental psychopathology and clinical care","author":"Walkup J","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: clinical understanding and treatment","author":"Leckman JF","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00581-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90012-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1102-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","first-page":"230","volume-title":"Tourette syndrome tics, obsessions, compulsions developmental psychopathology and clinical care","author":"Peterson BS","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00428-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","first-page":"100","article-title":"Sterotaxic thalamotomy in combined treatment of Giles de la Tourette's disease","volume":"91","author":"Korzen A","year":"1991","journal-title":"Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2005.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0857"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","unstructured":"BrettM AntonJL ValabregueR PolineJB.Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. 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