{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T04:45:36Z","timestamp":1772081136975,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,7]],"date-time":"2009-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Crowley-Carter Foundation"},{"name":"Don and Linda Carter Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is often assumed that co\u2010contraction of antagonist muscles is responsible for increased resistance to passive movement in hypertonic dystonia. Although co\u2010contraction may certainly contribute to hypertonia in some patients, the role of reflex activation has never been investigated. We measured joint torque and surface electromyographic activity during passive flexion and extension movements of the elbow in 8 children with hypertonic arm dystonia due to dyskinetic cerebral palsy. In all cases, we found significant phasic electromyographic activity in the lengthening muscle, consistent with reflex activity. By correlating activation with position or velocity of the limb, we determined that some children exhibit position\u2010dependent activation, some exhibit velocity\u2010dependent activation, and some exhibit a mixed pattern of activation. We conclude that involuntary or reflex muscle activation in response to stretch may be a significant contributor to increased tone in hypertonic dystonia, and we conjecture that this activation may be more important than co\u2010contraction for determining the resistance to passive movement. \u00a9 2009 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,7]],"date-time":"2009-04-07T16:35:42Z","timestamp":1239122142000},"page":"965-971","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Hypertonia in childhood secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy is associated with reflex muscle activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"van Doornik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahana","family":"Kukke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terence D.","family":"Sanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e89"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.3.542","article-title":"Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements","volume":"41","author":"Bizzi E","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.7.1195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0606-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00355754"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(96)90015-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90389-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement","volume":"70","author":"Katz RT","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.22282","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.22282","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.22282","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:42:37Z","timestamp":1760956957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.22282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.22282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22282","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]}}}