{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:33:08Z","timestamp":1790184788615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1244764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 NS42859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS42859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P50 AG08702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AG08702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P01 AG07232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AG07232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001288","name":"Parkinson's Disease Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Arlene Bronstein Essential Tremor Research Fund"},{"name":"Claire O'Neil Essential Tremor Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Purkinje cell axonal swellings (\u201ctorpedoes\u201d), described in several cerebellar disorders as well as essential tremor (ET), have not been quantified in common neurodegenerative conditions. The aim of this study was to quantify torpedoes Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with ET and control brains. Brains included 40 ET cases (34 cerebellar ET, 6 Lewy body variant of ET) and age\u2010matched comparison brains (21 AD, 14 PD\/diffuse Lewy body disease, 25 controls). Torpedoes were counted in 20 \u00d7 25 mm cerebellar cortical sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue\/Hematoxylin and Eosin. The median number of torpedoes in cerebellar ET (12) was 12\u00d7 higher than that of controls (1) and nearly 2.5\u00d7 higher than in AD (5) or PD\/DLBD (5) (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.005). Furthermore, in a logistic regression model that adjusted for age and Alzheimer's\u2010type changes, each torpedo more than doubled the odds of having cerebellar ET (Odds ratio<jats:sub>cerebellar ET vs. control<\/jats:sub> = 2.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006), indicating that the association between increased torpedoes and cerebellar ET was independent of these Alzheimer's\u2010type changes. Although torpedoes are increased in AD and PD, as well as cerebellar ET, the magnitude of increase in cerebellar ET is greater, and cannot be accounted for by concomitant AD or PD pathology. \u00a9 2009 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]],"date-time":"2009-06-15T14:24:41Z","timestamp":1245075881000},"page":"1600-1605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Torpedoes in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, and control brains"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Elan D.","family":"Louis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis L.","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Paul 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