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Careful analysis of the historical record, however, suggests that this relationship is more complex than commonly perceived. In most cases, the diagnosis of acute encephalitis lethargica was made post hoc, and virtually any catarrh\u2010like illness was considered to have represented encephalitis lethargica, often after an oral history\u2010taking that was undoubtedly subject to patient recall and physician bias. Also, postencephalitic parkinsonism and oculogyric crises were not recognized as sequelae to encephalitis lethargica until well after other sequelae such as movement disorders and mental disturbances had been identified (see previous paper). We suggest here that the relationship between encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism is not simplistic, i.e., encephalitis lethargica was not solely responsible for the etiology of postencephalitic parkinsonism, thus aligning the latter with most other parkinsonian disorders that are now believed to have multiple causes. \u00a9 2010 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,26]],"date-time":"2010-05-26T21:09:59Z","timestamp":1274908199000},"page":"1116-1123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A historical analysis of the relationship between encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism: A complex rather than a direct relationship"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Vilensky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sid","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherman","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2003.0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Die encephalitis lethargica, ihre Nachkrankheiten und ihre Behardlung","author":"Von Economo C.","year":"1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"581","article-title":"Encephalitis lethargica","volume":"30","author":"Von Economo C","year":"1917","journal-title":"Wiener Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280801995445"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1965.00460270003001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","first-page":"408","volume-title":"Awakenings","author":"Sacks O","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","article-title":"Does the historical literature on encephalitis lethargica support a simple (direct) relationship with postencephalitic parkinsonism?","author":"Vilensky JA","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e3180415e42"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S327","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21684","article-title":"Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday","volume":"22","author":"Lees AJ","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Chronic epidemic encephalitis","author":"Wimmer A","year":"1924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","first-page":"842","article-title":"Parkinson's disease as sequelae to lethargic encephalitis","author":"Drysdale HH","year":"1922","journal-title":"Ohio State Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","unstructured":"LevyG.Contribution A l'etude des manifestations tardives de L'encephalite epidemique MD Thesis Faculte De Medecine De Paris 1922.312p."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","unstructured":"ParsonsAC MacnaltyAS PerdrauJR.Public health and medical subjects report on encephalitis lethargica: being an account of further enquiries into the epidemiology and clinical features of the disease; including an analysis of over 1 250 reports of cases notified in England and Wales during 1919 and 1920 together with a comprehensive bibliography of a subject. 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