{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:00:51Z","timestamp":1791525651705,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]],"date-time":"2010-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovative Medical Research Fund"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","award":["RE-120225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE-120225"]}]},{"name":"Cure Huntington's Disease Initiative-Foundation (CHDI), New York, USA"},{"name":"European Huntington's Disease Network (EHDN-), Ulm, Germany [http:\/\/www.euro-hd.net]"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motor symptoms in Huntington's Disease (HD) are commonly assessed by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale\u2010Total Motor Score (UHDRS\u2010TMS). However, the UHDRS\u2010TMS is limited by interrater variability, its categorical nature, and insensitivity in premanifest subjects. More objective and quantitative measures of motor phenotype may complement the use of the UHDRS\u2010TMS as outcome measure and increase the power and sensitivity of clinical trials. Deficits in tongue protrusion are well acknowledged in HD and constitute a subitem of the UHDRS\u2010TMS. We, therefore, investigated whether objective and quantitative assessment of tongue protrusion forces (TPF) provides measures that (1) correlate to the severity of motor phenotype detected in the UHDRS\u2010TMS in symptomatic HD, (2) detect a motor phenotype in premanifest HD gene\u2010carriers, and (3) exhibit a correlation to the genotype as assessed by a disease burden score (based on CAG\u2010repeat length and age). Using a precalibrated force transducer, the ability of premanifest gene carriers (n = 15) and subjects with symptomatic HD (n = 20) to generate and maintain isometric TPF at three target force levels (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 N) was assessed and compared with age\u2010matched controls (n = 20) in a cross\u2010sectional study. Measures of variability of TPF and tongue contact time distinguished controls, premanifest, and symptomatic HD groups and correlated to the UHDRS\u2010TMS and disease burden score, suggesting a strong genotype\u2010phenotype correlation. Group distinction was most reliable at the lowest target force level. We conclude that assessment of TPF may be a useful objective and quantitative marker of motor dysfunction in premanifest and symptomatic HD. \u00a9 2010 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]],"date-time":"2010-07-19T12:24:59Z","timestamp":1279542299000},"page":"2195-2202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Tongue force analysis assesses motor phenotype in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ralf","family":"Reilmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bohlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Klopstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolf","family":"Weindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Saemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee P.","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Bernd","family":"Ringelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herwig W.","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60111-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7348"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.12.1582"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20332"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"On chorea","volume":"26","author":"Huntington G","year":"1872","journal-title":"Med Surg Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","series-title":"Huntington's disease: major Problems in Neurology","author":"Harper PS","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550060029011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35000576"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.128728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.5.920"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Modified Mini\u2010Mental State Examination: validity and reliability","volume":"37","author":"Stern Y","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00497-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308679101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.6.883"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.23243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.23243","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.23243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:53:32Z","timestamp":1760957612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.23243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.23243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23243","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]]}}}