{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:39:53Z","timestamp":1769845193632,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]],"date-time":"2010-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dystonia is an involuntary movement disorder characterized by repetitive patterned or sustained muscle contractions causing twisting or abnormal postures. Several lines of evidence suggest that abnormalities of dopaminergic pathways contribute to the pathophysiology of dystonia. In particular, dysfunction of D2\u2010like receptors that mediate function of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia may play a key role. We have demonstrated with positron emission tomography that patients with primary focal cranial or hand dystonia have reduced putamenal specific binding of [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]spiperone, a nonselective D2\u2010like radioligand with nearly equal affinity for serotonergic 5\u2010HT(2A) sites. We then repeated the study with [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010benperidol (NMB), a more selective D2\u2010like receptor radioligand with minimal affinity for 5\u2010HT(2A). Surprisingly, there was no decrease in NMB binding in the putamen of subjects with dystonia. Our findings excluded reductions of putamenal uptake greater than 20% with 95% confidence intervals. The analysis of the in vitro selectivity of NMB and spiperone demonstrated that NMB was highly selective for D2 receptors relative to D3 receptors (200\u2010fold difference in affinity), whereas spiperone has similar affinity for all three of the D2\u2010like receptor subtypes. These findings when coupled with other literature suggest that a defect in D3, rather than D2, receptor expression may be associated with primary focal dystonia. \u00a9 2010 Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]],"date-time":"2010-10-19T09:54:23Z","timestamp":1287482063000},"page":"100-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Decreased striatal dopamine receptor binding in primary focal dystonia: A D2 or D3 defect?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Morvarid","family":"Karimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Moerlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom O.","family":"Videen,","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Luedtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Mach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel S.","family":"Perlmutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5_Suppl_5.S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199508000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.5.1191"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.04.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00843.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149764.34953.BF"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00735822"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.4.434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-05-01381.1991","article-title":"Non\u2010steady\u2010state measurement of in vivo radioligand binding with positron emission tomography: specificity analysis and comparison with in vitro binding","volume":"11","author":"Perlmutter JS","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199708000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2889(92)90155-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(97)00042-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199401000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/1\/012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","volume-title":"Co\u2010planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain","author":"Talairach J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","first-page":"1307","article-title":"A method for coregistration of PET and MR brain images","volume":"36","author":"Andersson JL","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.876307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199609000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(20001215)38:4<438::AID-SYN9>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-465650-5.50009-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(73)90196-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181aa538f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Dystonia 3","author":"Perlmutter JS","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-008-0924-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.2.463"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66030915.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(93)90188-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00066-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90107-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90355-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3564-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.113050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00024-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1444.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.5.2458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20394"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-1931(00)00027-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(94)90037-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(00)25017-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160575"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000095113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/72929"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152706784111551"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152708786927822"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2009.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M710349200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611758200"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.23401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.23401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.23401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:02:19Z","timestamp":1760954539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.23401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.23401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23401","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]]}}}