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There have been major advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and the genetics of these disorders, leading to better clinical definitions based on genotype\u2013phenotype correlations in the familial idiopathic forms. PKD is genetically heterogenous, but there is linkage to chromosome 16 in a number of families. PNKD is due to mutations of the <jats:italic>MR\u20101<\/jats:italic> gene. PED is genetically heterogenous, but a number of familial and sporadic cases may be due to <jats:italic>GLUT\u20101<\/jats:italic> gene mutations. The <jats:italic>GLUT1<\/jats:italic> gene\u2013related form of PED may respond to a ketogenic diet. Potassium and calcium channel mutations underlie the 2 main forms of episodic ataxia (EA1 and EA2), whereas benign torticollis of infancy may also be a calcium channel disorder. \u00a9 2011 <jats:italic>Movement<\/jats:italic> Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,13]],"date-time":"2011-06-13T16:09:23Z","timestamp":1307981363000},"page":"1157-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":166,"title":["Paroxysmal dyskinesias"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kailash P.","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"310","volume-title":"Movement Disorders","author":"Fahn 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