{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:34:02Z","timestamp":1784921642181,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]],"date-time":"2011-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Deep brain stimulation is effective for a wide range of neurological disorders; however, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. With respect to Parkinson's disease, the existence of multiple effective targets suggests that putamen stimulation also may be effective and raises questions as to the mechanisms of action. Are there as many mechanisms of action as there are effective targets or some single or small set of mechanisms common to all effective targets? During the course of routine surgery of the globus pallidus interna in patients with Parkinson's disease, the deep brain stimulation lead was placed in the putamen en route to the globus pallidus interna. Recordings of hand opening and closing during high\u2010frequency and no stimulation were made. Speed of the movements, based on the amplitude and frequency of the repetitive hand movements as well as the decay in amplitude, were studied. Hand speed in 6 subjects was statistically significantly faster during active deep brain stimulation than the no\u2010stimulation condition. There were no statistically significant differences in decay in the amplitude of hand movements. High\u2010frequency deep brain stimulation of the putamen improves bradykinesia in a hand\u2010opening and \u2010closing task in patients with Parkinson's disease. Consequently, high\u2010frequency deep brain stimulation of virtually every structure in the basal ganglia\u2010thalamic\u2010cortical system improves bradykinesia. These observations, together with microelectrode recordings reported in the literature, argue that deep brain stimulation effects may be system specific and not structure specific. \u00a9 2011 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T10:08:37Z","timestamp":1309428517000},"page":"2232-2238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["High\u2010frequency deep brain stimulation of the putamen improves bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Erwin B.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrison 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