{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:08:18Z","timestamp":1790230098902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary focal dystonia is an idiopathic neurological disorder causing involuntary muscle contraction. Its pathophysiology probably involves the basal ganglia and cortical\u2010basal pathways. Primary dystonia appears to be associated with significant obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms, but evidence remains scarce and contradictory. We addressed the following research questions: (1) Do primary dystonia patients have high obsessive\u2010compulsive symptom scores? (2) Are these symptoms more severe in dystonia than in controls with equivalent peripheral neurological disorders? and (3) Is psychopathology different in botulinum toxin\u2010treated and \u2010untreated dystonia patients? This work was a cross\u2010sectional, descriptive, controlled study comprising 45 consecutive patients with primary focal dystonia (i.e., blepharospasm, spasmodic torticollis, or writer's cramp) 46 consecutive patients with hemifacial spasm, cervical spondylarthropathy, or carpal tunnel syndrome, and 30 healthy volunteers. Assessment included the DSM\u2010IV based psychiatric interview, Symptom Checklist 90R, Yale\u2010Brown Obsessive\u2010Compulsive Scale and Checklist, and the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale. Dystonia patients had higher Yale\u2010Brown Obsessive\u2010Compulsive Symptom scores than both control groups. Dystonia patients with obsessive\u2010compulsive symptom scores above cut\u2010off for clinical significance predominantly developed hygiene\u2010related symptoms. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder were the most frequent psychiatric diagnoses in primary focal dystonia. Obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder frequency was 6.7%. Primary focal dystonia patients have higher obsessive\u2010compulsive symptom scores than individuals with similar functional disabilities resulting from other neurological disorders, suggesting that obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms in dystonia are not reactive to chronic disability. Dystonic muscle contractions and obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms may share a common neurobiological basis related to cortical\u2010basal dysfunction. Psychopathology, especially obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms, should be actively explored and treated in primary focal dystonia. \u00a9 2011 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T13:47:35Z","timestamp":1312897655000},"page":"2274-2278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms in primary focal dystonia: A controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Barahona\u2010Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Bugalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.121699"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700009855"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0733-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Psychiatric disorder in patients with torticollis or blepharospasm","volume":"9","author":"Schnider P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00229-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.174508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.3.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.4.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01332-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.2.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0047-20852007000100013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000200004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90118-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199202000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(98)00022-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00105-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.170191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20282"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"The tic\u2010related obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder phenotype and treatment implications","volume":"85","author":"Miguel EC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0789-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","first-page":"431","article-title":"Psychogenic dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Fahn S","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","volume-title":"SCL\u201090: administration, scoring, and procedures manual for the R(evised) version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series","author":"Derogatis LR","year":"1977"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini\u2010International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM\u2010IV and ICD\u201010","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan DV","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.09.005"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.23906","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.23906","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.23906","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:02:31Z","timestamp":1760965351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.23906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.23906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23906","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]]}}}