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The disorder is detected by interview plus video and sleep monitoring. Abnormal movements expose the patients and bed partners to a high risk of injury and sleep disruption. The disorder is usually alleviated with melatonin and clonazepam. Limb movements are mainly minor, jerky, fast, pseudohallucinatory, and repeated, with a limp wrist during apparently grasping movements, although body jerks and complex violent (fights) and nonviolent culturally acquired behaviors are also observed. Notably, parkinsonism disappears during RBD\u2010associated complex behaviors in patients with Parkinson's disease and with multiple system atrophy, suggesting that the upper motor stream bypasses the basal ganglia during REM sleep. Longitudinal studies show that idiopathic RBD predisposes patients to later develop Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and, more rarely, multiple system atrophy, with a rate of conversion of 46% within 5 years. During this time window, patients concomitantly develop nonmotor signs (decreased olfaction and color vision, orthostatic hypotension, altered visuospatial abilities, increased harm avoidance) and have abnormal test results (decreased putamen dopamine uptake, slower EEG). Patients with idiopathic RBD have higher and faster risk for conversion to Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies if abnormalities in dopamine transporter imaging, transcranial sonography, olfaction, and color vision are found at baseline. They constitute a highly specific target for testing neuroprotective agents. \u00a9 2012 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]],"date-time":"2012-03-23T09:29:51Z","timestamp":1332494991000},"page":"677-689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["REM sleep behavior disorder: Motor manifestations and pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Arnulf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","volume-title":"The International Classification of Sleep Disorders\u2014Revised","author":"American Academy of Sleep 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