{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:35:02Z","timestamp":1792035302284,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]],"date-time":"2012-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) constitute the output pathways of the basal ganglia. In monkeys, choreiform limb dyskinesias have been described after inhibition of the GPi, but not the SNpr. Given the anatomical and functional similarities between these structures, we hypothesized that choreiform dyskinesias could be evoked by inhibition of an appropriate region within the SNpr. The GABA<jats:sc>A<\/jats:sc> receptor agonist, muscimol, was infused into various sites within the SNpr and the adjacent STN of freely moving macaques. The effect of the GABA<jats:sc>A<\/jats:sc> antagonist, bicuculline (BIC), was also examined. Muscimol (MUS) in SNpr evoked the following: (1) choreiform dyskinesias of the contralateral arm and\/or leg from central and lateral sites; (2) contralaterally directed torticollis from central and posterior sites; and (3) contraversive quadrupedal rotation from anterior and lateral sites. MUS infusions into the adjacent SN pars compacta or STN were without effect, ruling out a contribution of drug spread to adjacent structures. BIC in SNpr induced ipsiversive postures without choreiform dyskinesia or torticollis, whereas in the STN, it evoked ballistic movements. This is the first report of choreiform dyskinesia evoked by inhibition of the SNpr. This highly site\u2010specific effect was obtained from a restricted region within the SNpr distinct from that responsible for inducing torticollis. These results suggest that overactivity of different SNpr outputs mediates choreiform dyskinesia and torticollis. These abnormalities are symptoms of dystonia, Huntington's disease, and iatrogenic dyskinesias, suggesting that these conditions may result, in part, from a loss of function in SNpr efferent projections. \u00a9 2012 Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]],"date-time":"2012-10-31T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1351718505000},"page":"460-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Topography of dyskinesias and torticollis evoked by inhibition of substantia nigra pars reticulata"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Dybdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Forcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Georgetown University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Dubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oppedisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Georgetown University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Georgetown University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludise","family":"Malkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Georgetown University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Georgetown University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(77)90183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(77)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(77)90012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)91024-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00426646"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(80)90281-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)91131-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90758-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90345-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(84)90136-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00506257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(83)90003-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236535"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01158-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90202-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90151-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902970304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903450407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2257-04.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3295-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91674-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)60009-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-1308-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)91252-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0485-2_36"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"2055","article-title":"Behavioural disorders induced by external globus pallidus dysfunction in primates II","volume":"127","author":"Fran\u00e7ois C","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anatomical study. 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