{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T23:09:29Z","timestamp":1778368169888,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]],"date-time":"2013-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The nature of culture\u2010specific startles syndromes such as \u201cLatah\u201d in Indonesia and Malaysia is ill understood. Hypotheses concerning their origin include sociocultural behavior, psychiatric disorders, and neurological syndromes. The various disorders show striking similarities despite occurring in diverse cultural settings and genetically distant populations. They are characterized clinically by exaggerated startle responses and involuntary vocalizations, echolalia, and echopraxia. Quantifying startle reflexes may help define Latah within the 3 groups of startle syndromes: (1) hyperekplexia, (2) startle\u2010induced disorders, and (3) neuropsychiatric startle syndromes. Twelve female Latah patients (mean age, 44.6 years; SD, 7.7 years) and 12 age\u2010, sex\u2010 and socioeconomically matched controls (mean age, 42.3 year; SD, 8.0) were studied using structured history taking and neurological examination including provocation of vocalizations, echolalia, and echopraxia. We quantified auditory startle reflexes with electromyographic activity of 6 left\u2010sided muscles following 104\u2010dB tones. We defined 2 phases for the startle response: a short latency motor startle reflex initiated in the lower brain stem &lt;100\/120 ms) and a later, second phase more influenced by psychological factors (the \u201corienting reflex,\u201d 100\/120\u20131000 ms after the stimulus). Early as well as late motor startle responses were significantly increased in patients compared with controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 .05). Following their startle response, Latah patients showed stereotyped responses including vocalizations and echo phenomena. Startle responses were increased, but clinically these proved insignificant compared with the stereotyped behavioral responses following the startle response. This study supports the classification of Latah as a \u201cneuropsychiatric startle syndrome.\u201d \u00a9 2013 <jats:italic>Movement<\/jats:italic> Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T01:55:23Z","timestamp":1357178123000},"page":"370-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Latah: An indonesian startle syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mirte J.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology University of Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Gert","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astuti","family":"Pramono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropediatric Department Sardjito General Hospital Gadjah Mada University Jogjakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sri","family":"Sutarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropediatric Department Sardjito General Hospital Gadjah Mada University Jogjakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina A.J.","family":"Tijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG) University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70470-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1293-351"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10168"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1145"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0941","article-title":"Increased whole\u2010body auditory startle reflex and autonomic reactivity in children with anxiety disorders","volume":"34","author":"Bakker MJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1965.00460270087011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1088"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.9.1269"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Miryachit: a newly described disease of the nervous system, and its analogues","volume":"39","author":"Hammond WA","year":"1884","journal-title":"N Y S J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195096262.001.0001","volume-title":"Boo! 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