{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:24:05Z","timestamp":1791649445168,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to characterize levodopa (<jats:sc>l\u2010<\/jats:sc>dopa)\u2013induced dyskinesias in patients with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Clinical observation was carried out on 6 patients who were diagnosed with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency and were treated with escalating doses of <jats:sc>l\u2010<\/jats:sc>dopa. All 6 patients showed <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010dopa\u2010induced dyskinesias of variable intensity early in the course of treatment and regardless of the age of initiation. <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010Dopa\u2013induced dyskinesias were precipitated by increases in the dose of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010dopa and also by febrile illnesses and stress. They caused dysfunction and distress in 2 patients. The dyskinesias were improved by decreasing the <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010dopa dose or by slowing its titration upward. Increasing the dose frequency was helpful in 2 patients, and introducing amantadine was helpful in another 2 patients. <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010Dopa\u2013induced dyskinesias are a common phenomenon in tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. The current observations show that <jats:sc>l\u2010<\/jats:sc>dopa\u2013induced dyskinesias are frequent in a dopamine\u2010deficient state in the absence of nigrostriatal degeneration. Although <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010dopa\u2013induced dyskinesias in tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency are phenomenologically similar to those that occur in Parkinson's disease, they are different in a number of other respects, suggesting intrinsic differences in the pathophysiologic basis of <jats:sc>l\u2010<\/jats:sc>dopa\u2013induced dyskinesias in the 2 conditions. \u00a9 2013 <jats:italic>Movement<\/jats:italic> Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T15:13:36Z","timestamp":1360163616000},"page":"1058-1063","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias in tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Roser","family":"Pons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Syrengelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Physical Therapy Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotiris","family":"Youroukos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Orfanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arqirios","family":"Dinopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Pediatrics Attiko University Hospital University of Athens Haidari 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