{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:58:38Z","timestamp":1792670318333,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]],"date-time":"2013-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in\u2010person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. \u00a9 2013\n                    <jats:italic>Movement<\/jats:italic>\n                    Disorder Society\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]],"date-time":"2013-05-06T09:59:33Z","timestamp":1367834373000},"page":"863-873","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2116,"title":["Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Albanese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Catholic University Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Carlo Besta National Neurological Institute Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailash","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders Institute of Neurology University College London (UCL) London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan B.","family":"Bressman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology Beth Israel Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York and Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahlon R.","family":"DeLong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Fahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Columbia University, New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor S.C.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital and Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyder A.","family":"Jinnah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics at the Department of Neurology University of L\u00fcbeck L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Toronto Western Hospital and the University of Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Mink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and Pediatrics University of Rochester Rochester, New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan K.","family":"Teller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dystonia Medical Research Foundation Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1411377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1090","article-title":"About a rare spasm disease of childhood and young age (Dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum 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