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These studies also emphasize the cognitive and attentional dependency of gait in PD. Furthermore, gait in PD and related syndromes like progressive supranuclear palsy may be associated with dysfunction of the indirect, modulatory prefrontal\u2013subthalamic\u2013pedunculopontine loop of locomotor control. The direct, stereotyped locomotor loop from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord with rhythmic cerebellar input appears to be preserved and may contribute to the unflexible gait pattern in parkinsonian gait. Second, neurotransmitter and proteinopathy imaging studies are beginning to unravel novel mechanisms of parkinsonian gait and postural disturbances. Dopamine displacement imaging studies have shown evidence for a mesofrontal dopaminergic shift from a depleted striatum in parkinsonian gait. This may place additional burden on other brain systems mediating attention functions to perform previously automatic motor tasks. For example, our preliminary cholinergic imaging studies suggest significant slowing of gait speed when additional forebrain cholinergic denervation occurs in PD. Cholinergic denervation of the pedunculopontine nucleus and its thalamic projections have been associated with falls and impaired postural control. Deposition of \u03b2\u2010amyloid may represent another non\u2010dopaminergic correlate of gait disturbance in PD. These findings illustrate the emergence of dopamine non\u2010responsive gait problems to reflect the transition from a predominantly hypodopaminergic disorder to a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder involving non\u2010dopaminergic locomotor network structures and pathologies. \u00a9 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T12:25:35Z","timestamp":1381926335000},"page":"1492-1500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Imaging: What can it tell us about parkinsonian gait?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nicolaas I.","family":"Bohnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Neurology Service and Geriatric Research Education, and Clinical Center, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Jahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University of Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22049"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Automatic motion analysis of gait in patients with Parkinson disease: effects of levodopa and visual stimulations [article in French]","volume":"152","author":"Azulay JP","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Neurol 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