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The efficacy and safety of BoNT depends on accurate selection and identification of intended targets but also may be determined by other factors, including physical spread of the molecule from the injection site, passive diffusion, and migration to distal sites via axonal or hematogenous transport. The passive kinetic dispersion of the toxin away from the injection site in a gradient\u2010dependent manner may also play a role in toxin spread. In addition to unique properties of the various BoNT products, volume and dilution may also influence local and systemic distribution of BoNT. Most of the local and remote complications of BoNT injections are thought to be due to unwanted spread or diffusion of the toxin's biologic activity into adjacent and distal muscles. Despite widespread therapeutic and cosmetic use of BoNT over more than three decades, there is a remarkable paucity of published data on the mechanisms of distribution and its effects on clinical outcomes. The primary aim of this article is to critically review the available experimental and clinical literature and place it in the practical context. \u00a9 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T05:08:26Z","timestamp":1374210506000},"page":"1775-1783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Diffusion, spread, and migration of botulinum toxin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Ramirez\u2010Castaneda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic Department of Neurology Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic Department of Neurology Baylor 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