{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:01:51Z","timestamp":1791352911361,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,8]],"date-time":"2013-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although 3,4\u2010dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa) is the gold\u2010standard treatment for Parkinson's disease, it can lead to disabling dyskinesias. Previous work demonstrated that nicotine reduces levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias (LIDs) in several parkinsonian animal models. The goal of this study was to determine whether the duration of nicotine administration affects its ability to reduce LIDs in levodopa\u2010primed and levadopa\u2010na\u00edve monkeys and also to test whether tolerance develops to the beneficial effects of nicotine. Monkeys were injected with MPTP (1.9\u20102.0 mg\/kg subcutaneously) over 3 to 5 months until parkinsonism developed. Nicotine (300 \u03bcg\/mL) was administered in drinking water (over 4\u20136 months) to levodopa\u2010primed or levodopa\u2010na\u00edve monkeys, with levodopa\/carbidopa (10\/2.5 mg\/kg) gavaged twice daily. One set of MPTP\u2010lesioned monkeys (n\u2009=\u200923) was first gavaged with levodopa and subsequently received nicotine 4 weeks later, when dyskinesias plateaued, or 8 weeks later, when dyskinesias were established. A 60% to 70% decrease in LIDs was observed after several weeks of nicotine treatment in both groups. A second set of monkeys (n\u2009=\u200926) received nicotine 8 or 2 weeks before levodopa. In the 8\u2010week nicotine pretreatment group, there was an immediate reduction in LIDs, which plateaued at 60% to 70%. In the 2\u2010week nicotine pretreatment group, there were initial small decreases in LIDs, which plateaued at 60% to 70% several weeks later. Thus, nicotine pretreatment and nicotine post\u2010treatment were similarly efficacious in reducing LIDs. The beneficial effect of nicotine persisted throughout the study (17\u201323 weeks). Nicotine did not worsen parkinsonism. These data suggest that nicotine treatment has potential as a successful antidyskinetic therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease. \u00a9 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,8]],"date-time":"2013-07-08T09:08:46Z","timestamp":1373274526000},"page":"1398-1406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Nicotine reduces established levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Maryka","family":"Quik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Sciences SRI International Menlo Park California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Mallela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Sciences SRI International Menlo Park California 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