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Because recent animal studies indicate that loss of parvalbuminergic (PARV+) striatal interneurons can cause dystonia, we investigated if loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons occurs during human HD progression, and thus might contribute to dystonia in HD. We used immunolabeling to detect PARV+ interneurons in fixed sections, and corrected for disease\u2010related striatal atrophy by expressing PARV+ interneuron counts in ratio to interneurons co\u2010containing somatostatin and neuropeptide Y (whose numbers are unaffected in HD). At all symptomatic HD grades, PARV+ interneurons were reduced to less than 26% of normal abundance in rostral caudate. In putamen rostral to the level of globus pallidus, loss of PARV+ interneurons was more gradual, not dropping off to less than 20% of control until grade 2. Loss of PARV+ interneurons was even more gradual in motor putamen at globus pallidus levels, with no loss at grade 1, and steady grade\u2010wise decline thereafter. A large decrease in striatal PARV+ interneurons, thus, occurs in HD with advancing disease grade, with regional variation in the loss per grade. Given the findings of animal studies and the grade\u2010wise loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons in motor striatum in parallel with the grade\u2010wise appearance and worsening of dystonia, our results raise the possibility that loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons is a contributor to dystonia in HD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,3]],"date-time":"2013-09-03T09:16:25Z","timestamp":1378199785000},"page":"1691-1699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Striatal parvalbuminergic neurons are lost in Huntington's disease: implications for dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Anton","family":"Reiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee 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