{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:32:56Z","timestamp":1790242376646,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) affects driving ability. We aimed to determine the most critical impairments in specific road skills and in clinical characteristics leading to failure on a road test in PD. In this cross\u2010sectional study, certified driving assessment experts evaluated specific driving skills in 104 active, licensed drivers with PD using a standardized, on\u2010road checklist and issued a global decision of pass\/fail. Participants also completed an off\u2010road evaluation assessing demographic features, disease characteristics, motor function, vision, and cognition. The most important driving skills and off\u2010road predictors of the pass\/fail outcome were identified using multivariate stepwise regression analyses. Eighty\u2010six (65%) passed and 36 (35%) failed the on\u2010road driving evaluation. Persons who failed performed worse on all on\u2010road items. When adjusted for age and gender, poor performances on lateral positioning at low speed, speed adaptations at high speed, and left turning maneuvers yielded the best model that determined the pass\/fail decision (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.56). The fail group performed poorer on all motor, visual, and cognitive tests. Measures of visual scanning, motor severity, PD subtype, visual acuity, executive functions, and divided attention were independent predictors of pass\/fail decisions in the multivariate model (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.60). Our study demonstrated that failure on a road test in PD is determined by impairments in specific driving skills and associated with deficits in motor, visual, executive, and visuospatial functions. These findings point to specific driving and off\u2010road impairments that can be targeted in multimodal rehabilitation programs for drivers with PD. \u00a9 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T18:31:53Z","timestamp":1382639513000},"page":"1949-1956","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Driving and off\u2010road impairments underlying failure on road testing in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hannes","family":"Devos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"National Advanced Driving Simulator University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Georgia Regents University Augusta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Vandenberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evaluation of Fitness to Drive (CARA) Belgian Road Safety Institute Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiodun E.","family":"Akinwuntan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Georgia Regents University Augusta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"De Weerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Nieuwboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ergun Y.","family":"Uc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Neurology Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70797-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000277640.58685.fc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2011.001073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000245086.32787.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bacf6e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182749e95"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181da3b0f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.04.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182735d11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309334208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(89)90025-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1951.01700010719013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"The design of a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity","volume":"2","author":"Pelli DG","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Vision Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Lisse","author":"Zomeren AH","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Applied neuropsychology of attention. 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