{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:28:16Z","timestamp":1790504896916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]],"date-time":"2013-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>: Multiple studies have demonstrated decreases in striatal D2\u2010like (D2, D3) radioligand binding in primary focal dystonias. Although most investigations have focused on D2\u2010specific receptors (D2R), a recent study suggests that the decreased D2\u2010like binding may be due to a D3\u2010specific (D3R) abnormality. However, only limited data exist on the role of D1\u2010specific receptors (D1R) and the D1R\u2010mediated pathways within basal ganglia in dystonia. Metabolic positron emission tomography (PET) data in primary generalized dystonia suggest resting state over activity in the D1R\u2010mediated <jats:italic>direct<\/jats:italic> pathway, leading to excessive disinhibition of motor cortical areas. This work investigated whether striatal D1\u2010like receptors are affected in primary focal dystonias. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: Striatal\u2010specific (caudate and putamen) binding of the D1\u2010like radioligand [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]NNC 112 was measured using PET in 19 patients with primary focal dystonia (cranial, cervical, or arm) and 18 controls. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: No statistically significant difference was detected in striatal D1\u2010like binding between the two groups. The study had 91% power to detect a 20% difference, indicating that false\u2010negative results were unlikely. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Because [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]NNC 112 has high affinity for D1\u2010like receptors, very low affinity for D2\u2010like receptors, and minimal sensitivity to endogenous dopamine levels, we conclude that D1\u2010like receptor binding is not impaired in these primary focal dystonias. \u00a9 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]],"date-time":"2013-10-21T17:20:52Z","timestamp":1382376052000},"page":"2002-2006","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Striatal dopamine D1\u2010like receptor binding is unchanged in primary focal dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Morvarid","family":"Karimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington 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