{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:21:14Z","timestamp":1791825674033,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]],"date-time":"2014-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors hypothesized that a deficient premotor\u2013motor inhibitory network contributes to the unwanted involuntary movements in dystonia. The authors studied nine controls and nine patients with writer's cramp (WC). Dorsal premotor\u2013motor cortical inhibition (dPMI) was tested by applying conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the dorsal premotor cortex and then a test pulse to the ipsilateral motor cortex at an interval of 6 ms. The authors used an H\u2010reflex in flexor carpi radialis paired with TMS over the premotor cortex to assess for spinal cord excitability change. Finally, the authors interrupted a choice reaction time task with TMS over dorsal premotor cortex to assess performance in a nondystonic task. The results showed that WC patients exhibited dPMI at rest (88.5%, the ratio of conditioned to unconditioned test pulse), in contrast to controls, who did not show dPMI (109.6%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0198). This difference between patients and controls persisted during contraction (100% vs. 112%) and pen\u2010holding (95.6% vs. 111%). The H\u2010reflex in the arm was not modulated by the premotor cortex stimulation. The WC patients made more errors, and the error rate improved with TMS over the premotor cortex. These results suggest that abnormal premotor\u2013motor interactions may play a role in the pathophysiology of focal dystonia. The dPMI was not modulated by task in either group, but was constantly greater in the patients. The significance of the increased inhibition is likely to be compensatory. It appears to be a robust finding and, in combination with other features, could be further explored as a biomarker. \u00a9 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]],"date-time":"2014-04-07T07:52:56Z","timestamp":1396857176000},"page":"797-803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Abnormal dorsal premotor\u2013motor inhibition in writer's cramp"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Pirio Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"},{"name":"Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bliem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-012-0169-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-18-08043.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21464"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24944"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3350-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405284255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.5.785"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22889"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.25878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.25878","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.25878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:06:07Z","timestamp":1760965567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.25878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.25878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25878","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]}}}