{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:47:02Z","timestamp":1781768822956,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]],"date-time":"2014-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is characterized by motor\/vocal tics commonly associated with psychiatric disorders, including obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder. We investigated primary motor cortex and brainstem plasticity in Tourette patients, exposed and unexposed to chronic drug treatment, with and without psychiatric disturbances. We also investigated primary motor cortex and brainstem plasticity in obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder. We studied 20 Tourette patients with and without psychiatric disturbances, 15 with obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder, and 20 healthy subjects. All groups included drug\u2010na\u00efve patients. We conditioned the left primary motor cortex with intermittent\/continuous theta\u2010burst stimulation and recorded motor evoked potentials. We conditioned the supraorbital nerve with facilitatory\/inhibitory high\u2010frequency stimulation and recorded the blink reflex late response area. In healthy subjects, intermittent theta\u2010burst increased and continuous theta\u2010burst stimulation decreased motor evoked potentials. Differently, intermittent theta\u2010burst failed to increase and continuous theta\u2010burst stimulation failed to decrease motor evoked potentials in Tourette patients, with and without psychiatric disturbances. In obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder, intermittent\/continuous theta\u2010burst stimulation elicited normal responses. In healthy subjects and in subjects with obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder, the blink reflex late response area increased after facilitatory high\u2010frequency and decreased after inhibitory high\u2010frequency stimulation. Conversely, in Tourette patients, with and without psychiatric disturbances, facilitatory\/inhibitory high\u2010frequency stimulation left the blink reflex late response area unchanged. Theta\u2010burst and high\u2010frequency stimulation elicited similar responses in drug\u2010na\u00efve and chronically treated patients. Tourette patients have reduced plasticity regardless of psychiatric disturbances. These findings suggest that abnormal plasticity contributes to the pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. However, obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder patients have normal cortical and brainstem plasticity. \u00a9 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]],"date-time":"2014-07-03T06:02:18Z","timestamp":1404367338000},"page":"1523-1531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Cortical and brainstem plasticity in Tourette syndrome and obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Suppa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromed Institute, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Marsili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Di 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