{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:01:51Z","timestamp":1768986111121,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We attempted to clarify the association between dopamine receptor D4 (<jats:italic>DRD4<\/jats:italic>) 48\u2010bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism and Tourette's syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>DRD4<\/jats:italic> 48\u2010bp VNTR polymorphism was genotyped in 291 Tourette's syndrome patients (including 218 trios) and 405 controls. Chi\u2010square and transmission disequilibrium test analysis were used to compare genetic distributions. We retrieved related studies in a meta\u2010analysis to clarify the role of 2\u2010repeat and 4\u2010repeat alleles in the pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obvious genotype and allele distribution differences were observed between patients and healthy controls for both 2\u2010repeat and 4\u2010repeat alleles. This was verified using transmission disequilibrium test analysis. Meta\u2010analysis showed strong associations in both the total population and the Asian population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>DRD4<\/jats:italic> 48\u2010bp VNTR polymorphism appears to be associated with Tourette's syndrome, with the 2\u2010repeat allele performing a protective role and the 4\u2010repeat allele a nonprotective role in the genesis of the disease. \u00a9 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T11:12:37Z","timestamp":1411643557000},"page":"1687-1691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Variable number tandem repeats in dopamine receptor D4 in Tourette's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Shiguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Laboratory The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China"},{"name":"Prenatal Diagnosis Center The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China"},{"name":"Psychological Clinic The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing 100081 China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research in Human Reproduction Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingji","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Healthcare Department The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"[Family based association study of DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DAT, COMT gene polymorphism in schizophrenia]","volume":"44","author":"Pawel K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"[Transmission disequilibrium test of DRD4 exon III 48bp variant number tandem repeat polymorphism and tic disorder]","volume":"19","author":"Huang Y","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/420854"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00586-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"644","article-title":"Linkage disequilibrium between an allele at the dopamine D4 receptor locus and Tourette syndrome, by the transmission\u2010disequilibrium test","volume":"59","author":"Grice DE","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00523-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9297(07)64298-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380170120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"468","article-title":"Study of dopamine D4 gene polymorphism in Tourette syndrome in Fujian province","volume":"36","author":"H Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<358::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-G"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.26027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.26027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.26027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:44:08Z","timestamp":1760967848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.26027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.26027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26027","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]}}}