{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:38:44Z","timestamp":1791999524655,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]],"date-time":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this study was to refine the population prevalence estimate of Tourette Syndrome (TS) in children and to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity in previously published studies. A systematic review was conducted and all qualifying published studies of TS prevalence were examined. Extracted data were subjected to a random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis weighted by sample size; meta\u2010regressions were performed to examine covariates that have previously been proposed as potential sources of heterogeneity. Twenty\u2010six articles met study inclusion criteria. Studies derived from clinically referred cases had prevalence estimates that were significantly lower than those derived from population\u2010based samples (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.004). Among the 21 population\u2010based prevalence studies, the pooled TS population prevalence estimate was 0.52% (95% confidence interval CI: 0.32\u20100.85). In univariable meta\u2010regression analysis, study sample size (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002) and study date (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.03) were significant predictors of TS prevalence. In the final multivariable model including sample size, study date, age, and diagnostic criteria, only sample size (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) and diagnostic criteria (omnibus\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision [DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR]:\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.005) were independently associated with variation in TS population prevalence across studies. This study refines the population prevalence estimate of TS in children to be 0.3% to 0.9%. Study sample size, which is likely a proxy for case assessment method, and the use of DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR diagnostic criteria are the major sources of heterogeneity across studies. The true TS population prevalence rate is likely at the higher end of these estimates, given the methodological limitations of most studies. Further studies in large, well\u2010characterized samples will be helpful to determine the burden of disease in the general population. \u00a9 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,9]],"date-time":"2014-12-09T06:05:29Z","timestamp":1418105129000},"page":"221-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":355,"title":["Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jeremiah M.","family":"Scharf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit Center for Human Genetics Research Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Department of Neurology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin A.","family":"Gauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit Center for Human Genetics Research Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janelle","family":"Alabiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit Center for Human Genetics Research Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Ben\u2010Shlomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"APA","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(10)60016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200005000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"2737","volume-title":"Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practices of Medical Genetics","author":"Scharf 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