{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:05:49Z","timestamp":1791187549696,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dopamine agonist medications with high affinity for the D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    dopamine receptor are commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease, and have been associated with pathological behaviors categorized under the umbrella of impulse control disorders (ICD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether ICD in Parkinson's patients are associated with greater D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    dopamine receptor availability. We used positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand imaging with the D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    dopamine receptor preferring agonist [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010propyl\u2010hexahydro\u2010naphtho\u2010oxazin (PHNO) in Parkinson's patients with (n\u2009=\u200911) and without (n\u2009=\u200921) ICD, and age\u2010, sex\u2010, and education\u2010matched healthy control subjects (n\u2009=\u200918). Contrary to hypotheses, [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO binding in D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010rich brain areas was not elevated in Parkinson's patients with ICD compared with those without; instead, [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO binding in ventral striatum was 20% lower (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011), correlating with two measures of ICD severity (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.8 and \u22120.9), which may reflect higher dopamine tone in ventral striatum. In dorsal striatum, where [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO binding is associated with D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor levels, [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO binding was elevated across patients compared with controls. We conclude that although D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    dopamine receptors have been linked to the occurrence of ICD in Parkinson's patients. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor levels are elevated in Parkinson's patients with ICD. We also did not find ICD\u2010related abnormalities in D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor levels. Our findings argue against the possibility that differences in D\n                    <jats:sub>2\/3<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor levels can account for the development of ICD in PD; however, we cannot rule out that differences in dopamine levels (particularly in ventral striatum) may be involved. \u00a9 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T19:26:34Z","timestamp":1421263594000},"page":"160-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["[\n                    <sup>11<\/sup>\n                    C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO PET imaging of dopamine D\n                    <sub>2\/3<\/sub>\n                    receptors in Parkinson's disease with impulse control disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Doris E.","family":"Payer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Guttman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Brain Laboratory Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Movement Disorders Markham Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Kish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Human Brain Laboratory Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchao","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Strafella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Movement Disorder Unit &amp; E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto  Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour\u2014Systems Neuroscience Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto  Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Zack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Movement Disorders Markham Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Rusjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging 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