{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:28:30Z","timestamp":1790504910604,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cuban Ministry of Public Health"},{"name":"Georg Forster Research Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saccadic eye movement abnormalities are common in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, but it is unclear how these alterations progress over time. The aim of this study was to assess the progression of saccade involvement in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 patients, identify its main determinants, and evaluate its usefulness as outcome measures in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective 5\u2010year follow\u2010up study was performed with 30 spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 patients and their matched healthy controls, who were evaluated a total of four times by clinical and electrooculographical assessments of horizontal saccades and by the scoring of ataxia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients showed significant decreases in saccade peak velocity and saccade accuracy as well as increases of saccadic latency during the follow\u2010up period. Annual progression rates were significantly higher in patients compared to controls. Faster progression rates of saccade slowing were associated with higher trinucleotide cytosine\u2010adenine\u2010guanine repeat expansions. Sample\u2010size estimates for two\u2010arm trials would require 19 patients per group to detect a 50% reduction in disease progression using saccade peak velocity as outcome variable, but 44 and 124 patients using saccade latency and accuracy, respectively (power, 80%; alpha\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrooculographical measures of saccade changes are useful for the objective quantification of disease course in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. The progression rate of saccade slowing is influenced by the expansion size, providing novel insight into the cumulative polyglutamine neurotoxicity, and supporting the usefulness of saccade peak velocity as a sensitive biomarker during the natural history of the disease, and as suitable outcome measure for therapeutic trials. \u00a9 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T02:42:01Z","timestamp":1454640121000},"page":"570-578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: Measures of saccade changes improve power for clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Labrada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Center for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary 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