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The ability of these soluble \u03b2\u2010sheet conformers to induce neuronal damage has been investigated in direct challenge with the monomeric and fibrillary structures, showing that only the oligomeric species affected the neurons. \u03b2 amyloid oligomers were initially purified from Alzheimer brains and obtained using synthetic peptides. Together with the neuronal death, synaptic dysfunction, loss of spines, and LTP impairment were seen with the direct application of \u03b2 amyloid oligomers. Similar results have been described with proteins associated with other neurodegenerative disorders. The biological activities of oligomeric forms of \u03b1 synuclein have been described in Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Detrimental effects have been associated with the oligomeric forms of prion, tau, and huntingtin, the key proteins in prion diseases, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's disease, respectively. The molecular mechanisms of the oligomer\u2010related toxic effects can be summarized under three headings: nonspecific perturbance of cellular and intracellular membranes, specific interaction with various cellular entities, and amyloid pore channel formation. To characterize and distinguish oligomer actions better, we compared the ability of \u03b2 amyloid and \u03b1 synuclein oligomers to induce cognitive impairment when applied directly into the brain in the same acute mouse model. We also investigated the role of inflammatory components. \u00a9 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,2]],"date-time":"2016-04-02T09:25:45Z","timestamp":1459589145000},"page":"771-781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Oligomeropathies and pathogenesis of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Forloni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Neuroscience IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche \u201cMario Negri,\u201d Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimiro","family":"Artuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL 9 Ca' Foncello Hospital Treviso Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"La 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