{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:10:45Z","timestamp":1790903445666,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["FWF KLI82-B00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWF KLI82-B00"]}]},{"name":"Medical University Innsbruck","award":["MFI 6169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFI 6169"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004061","name":"Oesterreichische Nationalbank","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["14174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pustertaler Verein zur Praeavention von Herz-und Hirngefaesserkrankungen"},{"name":"Gesundheitsbezirk Bruneck"},{"name":"mayor of Bruneck"},{"name":"Assessorat fuer Gesundheit"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate odor identification testing as a quick, cheap, and reliable tool to identify PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Odor identification with the 16\u2010item Sniffin' Sticks test (SS\u201016) was assessed in a total of 646 PD patients and 606 controls from three European centers (A, B, and C), as well as 75 patients with atypical parkinsonism or essential tremor and in a prospective cohort of 24 patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (center A). Reduced odor sets most discriminative for PD were determined in a discovery cohort derived from a random split of PD patients and controls from center A using L1\u2010regularized logistic regression. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed in the rest of the patients\/controls as validation cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory performance was lower in PD patients compared with controls and non\u2010PD patients in all cohorts (each <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Both the full SS\u201016 and a subscore of the top eight discriminating odors (SS\u20108) were associated with an excellent discrimination of PD from controls (areas under the curve \u22650.90; sensitivities \u226583.3%; specificities \u226582.0%) and from non\u2010PD patients (areas under the curve \u22650.91; sensitivities \u226584.1%; specificities \u226584.0%) in all cohorts. This remained unchanged when patients with &gt;3 years of disease duration were excluded from analysis. All 8 incident PD cases among patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder were predicted with the SS\u201016 and the SS\u20108 (sensitivity, 100%; positive predictive value, 61.5%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Odor identification testing provides excellent diagnostic accuracy in the distinction of PD patients from controls and diagnostic mimics. A reduced set of eight odors could be used as a quick tool in the workup of patients presenting with parkinsonism and for PD risk indication. \u00a9 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T12:21:41Z","timestamp":1462796501000},"page":"1408-1413","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Optimizing odor identification testing as quick and accurate diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Mahlknecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria"},{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders UCL Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimund","family":"Pechlaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Medical University Innsbruck 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