{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:38:49Z","timestamp":1787837929253,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The year 2017 marks the 70th anniversary of the birth of human stereotactic neurosurgery. The first procedure was a pallidotomy for Huntington's disease. However, it was for Parkinson's disease that pallidotomy was soon adopted worldwide. Pallidotomy was abandoned in the late 1950s in favor of thalamotomy because of the latter's more striking effect on tremor. The advent of levodopa put a halt to all surgery for PD. In the mid\u20101980s, Laitinen reintroduced the posteroventral pallidotomy of Leksell, and this procedure spread worldwide thanks to its efficacy on most parkinsonian symptoms including levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias and thanks to basic scientific work confirming the role of the globus pallidus internus in the pathophysiology of PD. With the advent of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus, pallidotomy was again abandoned, and even DBS of the GPi has been overshadowed by STN DBS. The GPi reemerged in the late 1990s as a major stereotactic target for DBS in dystonia and, recently, in Tourette syndrome. Lately, lesioning of the GPI is being proposed to treat refractory status dystonicus or to treat DBS withdrawal syndrome in PD patients. Hence, the pallidum as a stereotactic target for either lesioning or DBS has been the phoenix of functional stereotactic neurosurgery, constantly abandoned and then rising again from its ashes. This review is a tribute to the pallidum on its 70th anniversary as a surgical target for movement disorders, analyzing its ebbs and flows and highlighting its merits, its versatility, and its resilience. \u00a9 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T09:22:44Z","timestamp":1496827364000},"page":"972-982","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Seventy years of pallidotomy for movement disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Cif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9s des Pathologies C\u00e9r\u00e9brales R\u00e9sistantes, D\u00e9partement de Neurochirurgie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux (URCMA), Institut de G\u00e9nomique Fonctionnelle Universit\u00e9 Montpellier Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Hariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Functional Neurosurgery University College London\u2010Institute of Neurology Queen Square London UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.106.2754.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000309602.15208.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094844"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The birth of human stereotactic surgery","volume":"117","author":"Gildenberg PL","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000098595"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1960.tb07606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10470"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"[Effects of the stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease]","volume":"149","author":"Pollak P","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90062-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"[Treatment of early\u2010onset generalized dystonia by chronic bilateral stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. 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