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Changes of firing rates of individual nodes within these circuits were originally considered central to parkinsonism. However, this view has now given way to the belief that changes in firing patterns within the basal ganglia and related nuclei are more important, including the emergence of burst discharges, greater synchrony of firing between neighboring neurons, oscillatory activity patterns, and the excessive coupling of oscillatory activities at different frequencies. Primarily focusing on studies obtained in nonhuman primates and human patients with Parkinson's disease, this review summarizes the current state of this field and highlights several emerging areas of research, including studies of the impact of the heterogeneity of external pallidal neurons on parkinsonism, the importance of extrastriatal dopamine loss, parkinsonism\u2010associated synaptic and morphologic plasticity, and the potential role(s) of the cerebellum and brainstem in the motor dysfunction of Parkinson's disease. \u00a9 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T16:28:55Z","timestamp":1560961735000},"page":"1130-1143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Changing views of the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wichmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology\/School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080507"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02333956"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2402638"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699209002375"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000098603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.2.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06531.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92404-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"1717","article-title":"Subthalamotomy in parkinsonian monkeys","volume":"119","author":"Guridi J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioural and biochemical analysis. 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