{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:36:07Z","timestamp":1790742967272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cInvestissements d'Avenir\u201d","award":["ANR-10-IAIHU-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAIHU-06"]}]},{"name":"French Drug Agency","award":["Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et des M\u00e9dicaments"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et des M\u00e9dicaments"]}]},{"name":"French Ministry of Health","award":["Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique AOR08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique AOR08"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MOST 107-2314-B-227-009-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2314-B-227-009-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Taipei City Hospital","award":["10801-62-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10801-62-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whether reserve plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients has received less attention than in dementia and has been mainly examined in relation with cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether reserve plays a role in the severity and progression of motor, cognitive, and nonmotor PD symptoms by examining whether education level (proxy of reserve) is associated with baseline performance and rate of progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from a longitudinal cohort of PD patients (\u22645\u2010year disease duration at baseline) annually followed up to 5\u2009years (n = 393; 41% women; mean age = 62.3\u2009years, standard deviation = 10.0; mean disease duration = 2.6\u2009years, standard deviation = 1.5). We examined the relationship of education with time to reach Hoehn and Yahr stage \u22653 using Cox regression and with baseline severity and progression of motor (Movement Disorder Society\u2013Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale parts II and III, gait speed), cognitive (Mini\u2010Mental State Examination), and nonmotor (depression, anxiety, nonmotor symptoms scale, quality of life) symptoms using mixed models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Education level was not associated with age at onset or diagnosis. Compared with the low\u2010education group, the incidence of Hoehn and Yahr \u22653.0 was 0.42 times lower (95% confidence interval, 0.22\u20130.82,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012) in the high\u2010education group. Higher education was associated with better baseline motor function (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not with the rate of motor decline (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.15). Similar results were observed for cognition. Education was not associated with nonmotor symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher education is associated with better baseline motor\/cognitive function in PD, but not with rate of decline, and with a lower risk of reaching Hoehn and Yahr \u22653 during the follow\u2010up. Our observations are consistent with a passive reserve hypothesis for motor\/cognitive symptoms. \u00a9 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T16:39:13Z","timestamp":1568392753000},"page":"1663-1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Examining the Reserve Hypothesis in Parkinson's Disease: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Pei\u2010Chen","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, College of Health Technology National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine Research Center National Yang\u2010Ming University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Taipei City Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Artaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESP, Fac. de m\u00e9decine \u2010 Univ. Paris\u2010Sud, Fac. de m\u00e9decine \u2010 UVSQ, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay, 94805  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Cormier\u2010Dequaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Genetics H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F\u201075013  Paris France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Institut du cerveau et de la Moelle, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, CNRS  Paris France"},{"name":"NS\u2010PARK\/FCRIN Network  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rascol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NS\u2010PARK\/FCRIN Network  Paris France"},{"name":"Universityof Toulouse 3, Centre Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire de Toulouse and INSERM; Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, D\u00e9partements de Neurosciences et de Pharmacologie Clinique, NeuroToul COEN center  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Durif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NS\u2010PARK\/FCRIN Network  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Centre Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire de Clermont\u2010Ferrand  Clermont\u2010Ferrand France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Derkinderen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NS\u2010PARK\/FCRIN Network  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Centre Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire de Nantes  Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u2010Raquel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NS\u2010PARK\/FCRIN Network  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Centre Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire de Clermont\u2010Ferrand  Clermont\u2010Ferrand France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Bourdain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology H\u00f4pital Foch  Suresnes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Philippe","family":"Brandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Fondation Rothschild  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Centre Hospitalier de Versailles; 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