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When compared with medical treatment alone, controlled studies have shown better motor, nonmotor, and particularly quality\u2010of\u2010life outcomes with large effect sizes for advanced complicated PD that cannot be improved with medication, and also for PD patients with only early fluctuations. Class 1 studies have also shown superiority over medical treatment for generalized, segmental, and botulinum\u2010toxin refractory focal cervical dystonia. Long\u2010term efficacy is established for all indications with open studies. For tremors, open studies have shown that DBS is remarkably effective on PD and essential tremor, but efficacy on severe essential tremor and cerebellar tremors is limited by a tendency for tolerance\/habituation, including concerns about long\u2010term efficacy. Open studies of disabling Gilles de la Tourette syndrome show an improvement in tics. New developments hold a promise for further improvement. New hardware with directional stimulation and new stimulation paradigms are further areas of research. The targets of DBS are refined with new imaging processing that will help to diversify the surgical targets. New indications are being explored. Closed\u2010loop DBS using brain or peripheral sensor signals have shown favorable clinical short\u2010term results. Long\u2010term data are lacking, and it is hoped that similar approaches for other movement or behavioral disorders may be developed. Exciting new developments carry the hope for a more pathophysiology\u2010based approach for DBS for various brain circuit disorders. \u00a9 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T10:14:51Z","timestamp":1570097691000},"page":"1795-1810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Deep Brain Stimulation in Movement Disorders: From Experimental Surgery to Evidence\u2010Based Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Krack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern 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