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Current pharmacological or surgical treatment options have limited efficacy. Thus, alternative nonpharmacological\/nonsurgical approaches have emerged in recent years in an attempt to improve quality of life in PD. This systematic review summarizes studies of such therapies over the past 5\u2009years. Thirty\u2010five studies were evaluated by use of a qualitative evaluation, while the methodological quality was assessed using validated tools. According to our results, there appear to be two broad categories of nonpharmacological therapies: those that seek a long\u2010lasting benefit and those that aim to achieve a transient effect to overcome the freezing of gait episode. Among the former, it is possible to differentiate between \u201cpassive\u201d therapies, which include transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation, and \u201cactive\u201d therapies, which are based on different cognitive or physical training programs. Finally, \u201ctransient effect\u201d therapies use different types of cues, such as visual, auditory, or proprioceptive stimuli, to attempt to shift the patient's habitual motor control to a goal\u2010directed one. In conclusion, a broad spectrum of nonpharmacological\/nonsurgical approaches for freezing of gait has emerged in recent years with promising results. \u00a9 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T08:38:47Z","timestamp":1574757527000},"page":"204-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Nonpharmacological, Nonsurgical Treatments for Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Delgado\u2010Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department Sierrallana Hospital  Torrelavega Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Research Area, IDIVAL University Hospital Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla  Santander Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine University Campus Bio\u2010Medico of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Santurt\u00fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Cantabria  Santander Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainhoa","family":"Urtiaga\u2010Gallano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Faculty Escuela Universitaria Gimbernat  Torrelavega Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Tordesillas\u2010Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL  Santander Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla\u2010IDIVAL University of Cantabria  Santander Spain"},{"name":"Centro de investigaci\u00f3n en red de enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7524-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-017-9232-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00611.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182477ec0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.9.2.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2234-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70106-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182143537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.8.JNS18350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP).https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/aboutus\/. 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