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Despite its frequency, it is poorly researched, and there is a general lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of dyspnea and respiratory dysfunction in PD. Consequently, a number of PD patients are labelled as having \u201cunexplained dyspnea.\u201d Studies to date have focused mainly on evaluating ventilatory capacity and lung volumes, and little is known about the effects of the disease on the medullary and pontine ventilatory control centers within the brainstem. This is of particular relevance in view of neuropathological studies demonstrating early involvement of the dorsal medulla and other brainstem structures by the disease process. The possibility that impaired brainstem ventilatory control is a contributory mechanism for dyspnea and could be a premotor manifestation in some PD patients therefore warrants further attention. This review focuses on clinical, pathological, and experimental evidence for the involvement of brainstem respiratory centers in PD. We highlight the need for further research, particularly in PD patients with unexplained dyspnea. \u00a9 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T02:45:56Z","timestamp":1579142756000},"page":"379-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Brainstem Ventilatory Dysfunction: A Plausible Mechanism for Dyspnea in Parkinson's Disease?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2966-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srimathy","family":"Vijayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences  Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhajan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital  Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences  Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Stell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences  Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank L","family":"Mastaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences  Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.ats898"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26605"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710000175X"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-005-0227-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12478"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Non\u2010motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease","author":"Chaudhuri KR","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2013-000741"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20844"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22868"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6557-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22643"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.408"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162904"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190400"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"StorchA SchneiderCB WolzM et al. 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