{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:35:37Z","timestamp":1791563737923,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006314","name":"Biogen Idec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01\u2010AG000949\u201002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01\u2010AG000949\u201002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Previous studies reported various symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with sex. Some were conflicting or confirmed in only one study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n We examined sex associations to PD phenotypes cross\u2010sectionally and longitudinally in large\u2010scale data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We tested 40 clinical phenotypes, using longitudinal, clinic\u2010based patient cohorts, consisting of 5946 patients, with a median follow\u2010up of 3.1\u2009years. For continuous outcomes, we used linear regressions at baseline to test sex\u2010associated differences in presentation, and linear mixed\u2010effects models to test sex\u2010associated differences in progression. For binomial outcomes, we used logistic regression models at baseline and Cox regression models for survival analyses. We adjusted for age, disease duration, and medication use. In the secondary analyses, data from 17\u2009719 PD patients and 7588 non\u2010PD participants from an online\u2010only, self\u2010assessment PD cohort were cross\u2010sectionally evaluated to determine whether the sex\u2010associated differences identified in the primary analyses were consistent and unique to PD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Female PD patients had a higher risk of developing dyskinesia early during the follow\u2010up period, with a slower progression in activities of daily living difficulties, and a lower risk of developing cognitive impairments compared with male patients. The findings in the longitudinal, clinic\u2010based cohorts were mostly consistent with the results of the online\u2010only cohort.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n We observed sex\u2010associated contributions to PD heterogeneity. These results highlight the necessity of future research to determine the underlying mechanisms and importance of personalized clinical management. \u00a9 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T14:00:08Z","timestamp":1601560808000},"page":"106-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Differences in the Presentation and Progression of Parkinson's Disease by Sex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8982-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Iwaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"},{"name":"Data Tecnica International Glen Echo Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis","family":"Blauwendraat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hampton L.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"},{"name":"Data Tecnica International Glen Echo Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary B.","family":"Makarious","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonggeol J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease Research Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Precision Neurology Program Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodi","family":"Maple\u2010Gr\u00f8dem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering University in Stavanger Stavanger Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Christophe","family":"Corvol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance\u2010Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Pihlstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"van Nimwegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luba","family":"Smolensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michael J. 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