{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:24:56Z","timestamp":1792214696839,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson's UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J\u20100802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J\u20100802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212513\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212513\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gait disturbance is an early, disabling feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) that is typically refractory to dopaminergic medication. The cortical cholinergic system, originating in the nucleus basalis of Meynert of the basal forebrain, has been implicated. However, it is not known if degeneration in this region relates to a worsening of disease\u2010specific gait impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate associations between sub\u2010regional cholinergic basal forebrain volumes and longitudinal progression of gait impairment in PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>99 PD participants and 47 control participants completed gait assessments via an instrumented walkway during 2\u2009minutes of continuous walking, at baseline and for up to 3\u2009years, from which 16 spatiotemporal characteristics were derived. Sub\u2010regional cholinergic basal forebrain volumes were measured at baseline via MRI and a regional map derived from post\u2010mortem histology. Univariate analyses evaluated cross\u2010sectional associations between sub\u2010regional volumes and gait. Linear mixed\u2010effects models assessed whether volumes predicted longitudinal gait changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no cross\u2010sectional, age\u2010independent relationships between sub\u2010regional volumes and gait. However, nucleus basalis of Meynert volumes predicted longitudinal gait changes unique to PD. Specifically, smaller nucleus basalis of Meynert volume predicted increasing step time variability (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.019) and shortening swing time (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.015); smaller posterior nucleus portions predicted shortening step length (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.007) and increasing step time variability (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.041).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to demonstrate that degeneration of the cortical cholinergic system predicts longitudinal progression of gait impairments in PD. Measures of this degeneration may therefore provide a novel biomarker for identifying future mobility loss and falls. \u00a9 2020 The Authors. <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mds28453-toc-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T07:57:02Z","timestamp":1609401422000},"page":"611-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Volumes Predict Gait Decline in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Yarnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"},{"name":"The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chesney E.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Psychology and Communities Research Centre, Department of Psychology Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brook","family":"Galna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland University of Technology  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Northumbria University  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2608-8285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael A.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Alcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon W.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh United Kingdom"},{"name":"NHS Lothian  Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien K.","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine &amp; 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