{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:29:47Z","timestamp":1788384587561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It has been debated for decades whether primary writing tremor is a form of dystonic tremor, a variant of essential tremor, or a separate entity. We wished to test the hypothesis that primary writing tremor and dystonia share a common pathophysiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of the present study was to investigate the pathophysiological hallmarks of dystonia in patients affected by primary writing tremor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten patients with idiopathic dystonic tremor syndrome, 7 with primary writing tremor, 10 with essential tremor, and 10 healthy subjects were recruited. They underwent eyeblink classic conditioning, blink recovery cycle, and transcranial magnetic stimulation assessment, including motor\u2010evoked potentials and short\u2010 and long\u2010interval intracortical inhibition at baseline. Transcranial magnetic stimulation measures were also recorded after paired\u2010associative plasticity protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary writing tremor and dystonic tremor syndrome had a similar pattern of electrophysiological abnormalities, consisting of reduced eyeblink classic conditioning learning, reduced blink recovery cycle inhibition, and a lack of effect of paired\u2010associative plasticity on long\u2010interval intracortical inhibition. The latter 2 differ from those obtained in essential tremor and healthy subjects. Although not significant, slightly reduced short\u2010interval intracortical inhibition and a larger effect of paired\u2010associative plasticity in primary writing tremor and dystonic tremor syndrome, compared with essential tremor and healthy subjects, was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our initial hypothesis of a common pathophysiology between dystonia and primary writing tremor has been confirmed. Primary writing tremor might be considered a form of dystonic tremor. \u00a9 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:34:00Z","timestamp":1617150840000},"page":"1715-1720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Signature of Primary Writing Tremor Is Dystonic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7103-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Latorre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences University of Rome \u201cSapienza,\u201d  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124  Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Batla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences University of Rome \u201cSapienza,\u201d  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed  Pozzilli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kailash P.","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.42.12.1106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870050205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.6.545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.2.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008875"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Primary writing tremor responds to unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation","volume":"23","author":"Lyons M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199911)14:6<1030::AID-MDS1021>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.11.988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27859"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27736"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6856475"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515619780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.03.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220701225904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.3.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820c3074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530040055019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182518316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1684-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.6.1461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190314"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00170"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.28579","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mds.28579","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.28579","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:05:49Z","timestamp":1760965549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.28579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.28579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28579","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}