{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:49:48Z","timestamp":1786978188514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS122280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS122280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Viral induction of neurological syndromes has been a concern since parkinsonian\u2010like features were observed in patients diagnosed with encephalitis lethargica subsequent to the 1918 influenza pandemic. Given the similarities in the systemic responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection with those observed after pandemic influenza, there is a question whether a similar syndrome of postencephalic parkinsonism could follow coronavirus disease 2019 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goal of this study was to determine whether prior infection with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 increased sensitivity to a mitochondrial toxin known to induce parkinsonism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>K18\u2010hACE2 mice were infected with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 to induce mild\u2010to\u2010moderate disease. After 38\u2009days of recovery, mice were administered a non\u2010lesion\u2010inducing dose of the parkinsonian toxin 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and euthanized 7\u2009days later. Subsequent neuroinflammation and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss were determined and compared with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 or MPTP alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      K18\u2010hACE2 mice infected with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 or MPTP showed no SNpc DA neuron loss after MPTP. In mice infected and recovered from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, MPTP induced a 23% or 19% greater loss of SNpc DA neurons than SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 or MPTP, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Examination of microglial activation showed a significant increase in the number of activated microglia in both the SNpc and striatum of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2009+\u2009MPTP group compared with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 or MPTP alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our observations have important implications for long\u2010term public health, given the number of people who have survived SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, as well as for future public policy regarding infection mitigation. However, it will be critical to determine whether other agents known to increase risk for PD also have synergistic effects with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and are abrogated by vaccination. \u00a9 2022 The Authors.\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T09:24:50Z","timestamp":1652779490000},"page":"1394-1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["<scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Infection Enhances Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress\u2013Induced Parkinsonism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8459-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Smeyne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences Thomas Jefferson University Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Eells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debotri","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences Thomas Jefferson University Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences Thomas Jefferson University Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaw M.","family":"Akula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Sriramula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcas P.","family":"O'Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Grossman School of Medicine New York University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)17841-4","article-title":"Cruchet's \"Enc\u00e9phalomy\u00e9lite Subaigu\u00ebdiffuse\" and epidemic encephalitis Lethargica","volume":"214","author":"Economo C","year":"1929","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.12.012","article-title":"Influenza caused epidemic encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica): the circumstantial evidence and a challenge to the nonbelievers","volume":"74","author":"Maurizi CP","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(63)90098-5","article-title":"Cohort analysis of Parkinson's syndrome:evidence for a single etiology related to subclinical infection about 1920","volume":"16","author":"Poskanzer DC","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Chron Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.08.001","article-title":"Viral parkinsonism","volume":"1792","author":"Jang H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0090-8","article-title":"Infection with mosquito\u2010borne alphavirus induces selective loss of dopaminergic neurons, neuroinflammation and widespread protein aggregation","volume":"5","author":"Bantle CM","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20233","article-title":"Glia cell number modulates sensitivity to MPTP in mice","volume":"52","author":"Smeyne M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20467","article-title":"Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration","volume":"55","author":"Qin L","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web\u2010based dashboard to track COVID\u201019 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.020","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102): an overview of viral structure and host response","volume":"14","author":"Astuti I","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4030","article-title":"Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010coronavirus (SARS\u2010CoV) pulmonary infection of mice","volume":"173","author":"Glass WG","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","article-title":"Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS\u2010CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways","volume":"203","author":"Ding Y","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00087.2020","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, ACE2 expression, and systemic organ invasion","volume":"53","author":"Ashraf UM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2011400","article-title":"Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"383","author":"Puelles VG","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202279","article-title":"Infection and risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"Smeyne RJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30305-7","article-title":"A case of probable Parkinson's disease after SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection","volume":"19","author":"Cohen ME","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2109","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010282","article-title":"Acute hypokinetic\u2010rigid syndrome following SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection","volume":"95","author":"M\u00e9ndez\u2010Guerrero A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10560-3","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010related encephalitis with prominent parkinsonism: clinical and FDG\u2010PET correlates in two patients","volume":"268","author":"Morassi M","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02012-06","article-title":"Lethal infection of K18\u2010hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"81","author":"McCray PB","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19891-7","article-title":"Lethality of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection in K18 human angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice","volume":"11","author":"Oladunni FS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00719-9","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 crosses the blood\u2010brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration","volume":"6","author":"Zhang L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-405195-9.00017-2","volume-title":"Movement Disorders: Genetics and Models","author":"Jackson\u2010Lewis V","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed LJ","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am J Hyg (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0164","article-title":"A role for bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV\u20101) glycoprotein E (gE) tyrosine phosphorylation in replication of BHV\u20101 wild\u2010type virus but not BHV\u20101 gE deletion mutant virus","volume":"268","author":"Shaw AM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-015-0066-2","article-title":"Subcellular fractionation method to study endosomal trafficking of Kaposi's sarcoma\u2010associated herpesvirus","volume":"6","author":"Walker LR","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19057-5","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality","volume":"11","author":"Fajnzylber J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0629-1","article-title":"Persistent EcoHIV infection induces nigral degeneration in 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine\u2010intoxicated mice","volume":"24","author":"Olson KE","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Synergistic effects of influenza and 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can be eliminated by the use of influenza therapeutics: experimental evidence for the multi\u2010hit hypothesis. Npj","volume":"3","author":"Sadasivan S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinson's Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5123-11.2012","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in the CNS of mice","volume":"32","author":"Jang H","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.031","article-title":"A comparison of model\u2010based (2D) and design\u2010based (3D) stereological methods for estimating cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the C57BL\/6J mouse","volume":"161","author":"Baquet ZC","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124047","article-title":"Induction of microglia activation after infection with the non\u2010neurotropic a\/CA\/04\/2009 H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"10","author":"Sadasivan S","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0622-0","article-title":"Microglia: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Graeber MB","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700221","article-title":"Axonal degeneration of nigra\u2010striatum dopaminergic neurons induced by 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine in mice","volume":"37","author":"Li LH","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2010.12.009","article-title":"Loss of striatal dopaminergic terminals during the early stage in response to MPTP injection in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"69","author":"Muroyama A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.49","article-title":"Reassessment of subacute MPTP\u2010treated mice as animal model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"38","author":"Zhang QS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-9961(03)00108-6","article-title":"Behavioral changes are not directly related to striatal monoamine levels, number of nigral neurons, or dose of parkinsonian toxin MPTP in mice","volume":"14","author":"Rousselet E","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.04.021","article-title":"Behavior, neurotransmitters and inflammation in three regimens of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"98","author":"Luchtman DW","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27524","article-title":"Characterization of the novel SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern and its global perspective","volume":"94","author":"Saxena SK","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100399","article-title":"Neurological consequences of COVID\u201019 and brain related pathogenic mechanisms: a new challenge for neuroscience","volume":"19","author":"Sarubbo F","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","article-title":"Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non\u2010hospitalized Covid\u201019 \"long haulers\"","volume":"8","author":"Graham EL","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10261-3","article-title":"The neurological sequelae of pandemics and epidemics","volume":"268","author":"Valerio F","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.06.012","article-title":"Parkinsonism and neurological manifestations of influenza throughout the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"16","author":"Henry J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-2005-102","article-title":"Gut\u2010lung axis and dysbiosis in COVID\u201019","volume":"44","author":"Aktas B","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100140097","article-title":"Characterization of the 1918 \"Spanish\" influenza virus neuraminidase gene","volume":"97","author":"Reid AH","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06244-z","article-title":"Neurotropism of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and neurological diseases of the central nervous system in COVID\u201019 patients","volume":"240","author":"Veleri S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"7125","key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05495","article-title":"Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus","volume":"445","author":"Kobasa D","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.022","article-title":"The meningeal lymphatic system: a new player in neurophysiology","volume":"100","author":"Da Mesquita S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson's disease and animal models of the disease","volume":"155","author":"Joers V","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6309","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-16-06309.2000","article-title":"Regional difference in susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide\u2010induced neurotoxicity in the rat brain: role of microglia","volume":"20","author":"Kim WG","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04327.x","article-title":"Inflammation induces mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system","volume":"100","author":"Hunter RL","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.8.1218","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease","volume":"40","author":"Koller W","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28411","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors in Parkinson's disease converge on immune function and inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Kline EM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009195","article-title":"K18\u2010hACE2 mice develop respiratory disease resembling severe COVID\u201019","volume":"17","author":"Yinda CK","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-017-0019-z","article-title":"Synergistic effects of influenza and 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can be eliminated by the use of influenza therapeutics: experimental evidence for the multi\u2010hit hypothesis","volume":"3","author":"Sadasivan S","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3895","article-title":"Long\u2010term risk of Parkinson disease following influenza and other infections","volume":"78","author":"Cocoros NM","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011603","article-title":"Infection in childhood and neurological diseases in adult life","volume":"53","author":"Martyn CN","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181493","article-title":"The search for environmental causes of Parkinson's disease: moving forward","volume":"8","author":"Chen H","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135937","article-title":"Environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease","volume":"54","author":"Goldman SM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.29116","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mds.29116","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.29116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:22:04Z","timestamp":1760970124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.29116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.29116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29116","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.02.478719","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}