{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:27:44Z","timestamp":1790090864610,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of the gut\u2010brain axis has been recently highlighted as a major contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD) physiopathology, with numerous studies investigating bidirectional transmission of pathological protein aggregates, such as \u03b1\u2010synuclein (\u03b1Syn). However, the extent and the characteristics of pathology in the enteric nervous system have not been fully investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We characterized \u03b1Syn alterations and glial responses in duodenum biopsies of patients with PD by employing topography\u2010specific sampling and conformation\u2010specific \u03b1Syn antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We examined 18 patients with advanced PD who underwent Duodopa percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunal tube procedure, 4 untreated patients with early PD (disease duration &lt;5\u2009years), and 18 age\u2010 and \u2010sex\u2010matched healthy control subjects undergoing routine diagnostic endoscopy. A mean of four duodenal wall biopsies were sampled from each patient. Immunohistochemistry was performed for anti\u2010aggregated \u03b1Syn (5G4) and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies. Morphometrical semiquantitative analysis was performed to characterize \u03b1Syn\u20105G4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and glial fibrillary acidic protein\u2013positive density and size.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunoreactivity for aggregated \u03b1\u2010Syn was identified in all patients with PD (early and advanced) compared with controls. \u03b1Syn\u20105G4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      colocalized with neuronal marker \u03b2\u2010III\u2010tubulin. Evaluation of enteric glial cells demonstrated an increased size and density when compared with controls, suggesting reactive gliosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found evidence of synuclein pathology and gliosis in the duodenum of patients with PD, including early de novo cases. Future studies are required to evaluate how early in the disease process duodenal pathology occurs and its possible contribution to levodopa effect in chronic patients. \u00a9 2023 The Authors.\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T07:40:11Z","timestamp":1677483611000},"page":"885-894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Duodenal\n                    <scp>alpha\u2010Synuclein<\/scp>\n                    Pathology and Enteric Gliosis in Advanced Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-5676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aron","family":"Emmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Sandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology Padova University Hospital  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Tombesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Garr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Campagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miryam","family":"Carecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova  Padova 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