{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:54:05Z","timestamp":1793386445220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF\u20102019\u201012369919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF\u20102019\u201012369919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This document presents a consensus on the diagnosis and classification of isolated cervical dystonia (iCD) with a review of proposed terminology. The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Dystonia Study Group convened a panel of experts to review the main clinical and diagnostic issues related to iCD and to arrive at a consensus on diagnostic criteria and classification. These criteria are intended for use in clinical research, but also may be used to guide clinical practice. The benchmark is expert clinical observation and evaluation. The criteria aim to systematize the use of terminology as well as the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by expert and non\u2010expert clinicians. Although motor abnormalities remain central, increasing recognition has been given to nonmotor manifestations, which are incorporated into the current criteria. Three iCD presentations are described in some detail: idiopathic (focal or segmental) iCD, genetic iCD, and acquired iCD. The relationship between iCD and isolated head tremor is also reviewed. Recognition of idiopathic iCD has two levels of certainty, definite or probable, supported by specific diagnostic criteria. Although a probable diagnosis is appropriate for clinical practice, a higher diagnostic level may be required for specific research studies. The consensus retains elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omits aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of iCD expands, these criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate new advances. \u00a9 2023 The Authors.\n                    <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T14:52:39Z","timestamp":1680101559000},"page":"1367-1378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Isolated Cervical Dystonia: Diagnosis and Classification"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Albanese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital  Rozzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kailash P.","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0808-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7100-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Comella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences Rush University Medical Center  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Defazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience University of Bari  Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3085-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor S.C.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4129-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1531-3969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyder A.","family":"Jinnah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6207-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryuji","family":"Kaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology National Hospital Organization Utano National Hospital  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim K.","family":"Krauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Medical School Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. 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