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There is, therefore, significant unmet clinical need to develop novel therapeutic strategies for these patients. Viral gene therapies are a promising approach, where gene delivery is achieved through viral vectors such as adeno\u2010associated virus and lentivirus. The clinical efficacy of such gene therapies has already been observed in two neurological disorders of pediatric onset; for spinal muscular atrophy and aromatic L\u2010amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency, gene therapy has significantly modified the natural history of disease in these life\u2010limiting neurological disorders. Here, we review recent advances in gene therapy, focused on the targeted delivery of dopaminergic genes for Parkinson's disease and the primary neurotransmitter disorders, AADC deficiency and dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS). Although recent European Medicines Agency and Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency approval of Upstaza (eladocagene exuparvovec) signifies an important landmark, numerous challenges remain. Future research will need to focus on defining the optimal therapeutic window for clinical intervention, better understanding of the duration of therapeutic efficacy, and improved brain targeting. \u00a9 2023 The Authors. <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T02:33:33Z","timestamp":1683340413000},"page":"924-936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gene Therapy for Dopamine Dyshomeostasis: From Parkinson's to Primary Neurotransmitter Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Transfer Technology Group, 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